This paper is an analytical literature review on the dilemma of error-tolerance (ET) in IC manufacturing industry. The ET has a vast definition in research but, we mainly fuscous on the result acceptability of the the chips that generate erroneous outputs to increase the yield. The source of these errors is fabrication process (process variation or defects). The idea lies behind this question, ...

For every list of integers x1, . . . , xm there is some j such that x1+ · · ·+xj −xj+1−· · ·−xm ≈ 0. So the list can be nearly balanced and for this we only need one alternation between addition and subtraction. But what if the xi are k-dimensional integer vectors? Using results from topological degree theory we show that balancing is still possible, now with k alternations. This result is usef...

There’s nothing quite like a day at the races . . . . The quickening of the pulse as the starter’s pistol sounds, the thrill when your favorite contestant speeds out into the lead (or the distress if another contestant dashes out ahead of yours), and the accompanying fear (or hope) that the leader might change. And what if the race is a marathon? Maybe one of the contestants will be far stronge...

Monitoring a computer network's security state is a di cult task as network components rarely share their information. The IF-MAP speci cation de nes a client/server-based protocol that enables network components to share security information among each other, which is represented in a graph structure. Visualization of this data is challenging due to the highly dynamic topology and the mapping ...