Glutamate activates a class of receptors coupled to G-proteins that initiate second messenger cascades, change ion channel function, cause release of calcium from intracellular stores, and produce long-term changes in synaptic strength. We used the CA3 region of the adult rat hippocampal slice to evaluate group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation on epileptiform activity and th...

Abstract The ictal–interictal continuum (IIC) is a concept used for those particular EEG patterns that do not meet the strict criteria status epilepticus but may be associated with neuronal injury. aim of this article to review equivocal periodic and discuss their clinical significance along IIC. risk seizures increases when frequency discharges exceeds 2 Hz pattern has features superimposed rh...

Is there a relationship between peri-ictal slow waves, loss of consciousness, memory, and slow-wave sleep, in patients with different forms of epilepsy? We hypothesize that mechanisms, which result in peri-ictal slow-wave activity as detected by the electroencephalogram, could negatively affect memory processes. Slow waves (≤4 Hz) can be found in seizures with impairment of consciousness and al...

Temporal lobe seizures have a significant chance to induce impairment of normal brain functions. Even after the termination of ictal discharges, during the post-ictal period, loss of consciousness, decreased responsiveness or other cognitive dysfunctions can persist. Previous studies have found various anatomical and functional abnormalities accompanying temporal lobe seizures, including an abn...

Commentary Seizures are deceptively difficult to define. Clinical seizures with an EEG correlate are rarely problematic, but seizures can be purely clinical, with no scalp EEG correlate, or conversely, purely electrographic, with no apparent clinical correlate. The latter is a common occurrence in neurologically critical patients. There is recognition that seizure definitions set somewhat arbit...

In human partial epilepsies, as well as in experimental models of chronic and/or acute epilepsy, the role of inhibition and the relationship between the inhibition and excitation and epileptogenesis has long been questioned. Besides experimental methods carried out either in vitro (human or animal tissue) or in vivo (animals), pathophysiological mechanisms can be approached by direct recording ...

Dear Editor, The interesting phenomenon of an association between a headache and epileptic seizure is often observed. Seizure-related headache has been subdivided into four types based on the temporal relationship: preictal headache, ictal headache, postictal headache, and interictal headache.1 Ictal headache is a very rare type of seizure-related headache,2 which has resulted in video-EEG reco...

A feeding trial was conducted for sixty continuous days to determine the effect of dietary Aloe vera and Echinacea  on immunological parameters of Shirbot (Barbus grypus) Four hundred and twenty fish weighing 50-60 g were randomly subjected to to seven different treatment, including one control  (Aloe vera and Echinacea free diet), A1 (0.1% of Aloe vera, A2 (0.2% of Aloe vera &nb...

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is currently used in the presurgical evaluation of medically intractable partial epilepsies, but not very often, in generalized epilepsy. In the present study, we used the SISCOM procedure, which represents the fusion of MRI and ictal-interictal difference SPECT images using (99m)Tc-ECD, to study cerebral blood flow changes during the ictal and...