Because air-water and water-air interfaces are equally refractive, cloud droplets and microbubbles dispersed in bodies of water reflect sunlight in much the same way. The lifetime of sunlight-reflecting microbubbles, and hence the scale on which they may be applied, depends on Stokes Law and the influence of ambient or added surfactants. Small bubbles backscatter light more efficiently than lar...

We apply liquid nebulization (LN) in series with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS, using a differential mobility analyzer coupled to a condensation particle counter) to measure the size distribution functions (the number concentration per unit log diameter) of gold nanospheres in the 5-30 nm range, 70 nm × 11.7 nm gold nanorods, and albumin proteins originally in aqueous suspensions. In prior stu...

This work attempted to fabricate superhydrophobic fabric via a simple immersion technique. Textile fabrics were coated with silica nanoparticles prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) obtain sufficient roughness hydrophobic surface chemistry. Then, the treated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) reduce energy. The effects of PDMS concentration on morphology superh...

conclusions wh may control the glycemic level in people with diabetes, but it may be associated with minor and major side effects. further in vitro studies, using these seven compounds, are recommended to determine the efficacy and complications of wh in people with diabetes. results the average daily bs level and insulin dose decreased in seven subjects. two subjects developed generalized prur...

Suspension-feeding fishes such as herring and anchovies engulf particle-concentrated water through their mouths and release the water through the posterior oral cavity. Food particles are separated from the water at the gill rakers that act like modern crossflow filters. This paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques to study the feeding mechanism of these suspension feeders. By u...

The energy cost for various ciliary filter feeders shows that useful pump work constitutes 0.3–1.1% of the total metabolic expenditure. The ‘water processing potential’ (liters of water pumped per milliliter O2 consumed by the animal) is a useful tool for characterizing filter feeding and adaptation to the environment. The six types of ciliarycapture mechanisms (collar sieving, cirral trapping,...

BACKGROUND Acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome arising from infection can lead to multiple organ failure and death, with greater susceptibility occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, sub-acute chronic inflammation is a contributor to the pathology of diverse degenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis). Given the known limitations in We...

The Secchi disk is a circular white disk that is lowered into a natural body of water by a human observer until it disappears from view. The depth of disappearance is a visual measure of the clarity of the water. This review examines the physical and physiological basis of the Secchi disk procedure. The theory of the white disk is detailed to show the underlying assumptions and the consequent s...

We describe the results of a laboratory scattering experiment performed to investigate differences in the optical scattering properties between five common phytoplankton species (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis galbana, Nanochloropsis, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira weissflogii). Data sets were taken at scattering angles 1u to 170u at incident polarizations parallel and perpendicula...