After establishing and completing the rules of international humanitarian law, what occupies thoughts minds researchers has become effectiveness those legal because community created International Humanitarian Law to decrease agony misery war deter anyone who may violate these rules. Without a mechanism implementation, law becomes mere ideal expression ideas, activate its, there must be some im...

This is the second in a series of articles on conducting research during complex humanitarian emergencies. The first is at PLoS Med 5(4): e89. doi:10.1371/journal. pmed.0050089 T he effects of crises (man-made or natural disasters) on physical health are ultimately quantifiable as a rise in mortality. Precise and unbiased estimates of mortality rates (deaths per person-time) or excess death tol...

This article examines the meanings of “attack” in international law. It points out that the term is used in two distinct bodies of that law. First, the term “armed attack” appears in the jus ad bellum, which governs when a State may resort to force as an instrument of its national policy. In that context, it serves as a condition precedent to the resort to force in self-defence pursuant to Arti...