BACKGROUND The distributions of socioeconomic status (SES) factors have been changing in Japan. We examined the relationships among SES and self-rated health (SRH) in Japanese adults. METHODS We analyzed 1,178 men and 1,555 women. We showed the distribution of SRH by sex and age and examined cross-sectional relationships among educational attainment, marital/living statuses, working status, h...

BACKGROUND In 2011/12 approximately 2.3 million children, 17% of children in the UK, were estimated to be in relative poverty. Cigarette smoking is expensive and places an additional burden on household budgets, and is strongly associated with socioeconomic deprivation. The aim of this study was to provide an illustrative first estimate of the extent to which parental smoking exacerbates child ...

Objectives: Korea achieved universal population coverage through national health insurance in 1989. However, out-of-pocket payments (OOP) still accounted for 36% of total health expenditure in 2006. This paper aims to provide evidence for improving the benefit package through analyzing household financial burden. Methods: OOP and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure were analysed us...

Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for healthcare continue to be the most significant means of healthcare issue in the developing world and constitute a large share of their living financial plan (1, 2). The healthcare expenditures are largely unpredictable and usually have a negative impact on the poor households, while large expenditures have catastrophic impacts on household welfare. A sudden ...

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect a decrease in aggregate income, due activity restrictions during Covid-19 pandemic, on household consumption expenditure Jakarta. research model based Absolute and Permanent income hypothesis, see long-term short-term effects changes expenditure. method quantitative by using annual data at current prices for period 2003 2020. analysis uses OLS ...

background one common challenge to social systems is achieving equity in financial contributions and preventing financial loss. because of the large and unpredictable nature of some costs, achieving this goal in the health system presents important and unique problems. the present study investigated the household financial contributions (hfcs) to the health system.   methods the study investiga...

We study how the level and composition of household expenditures changes over the business cycle for households at different positions in the income distribution. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we find that transitory, state-specific increases in unemployment causes lower income groups to lower their total expenditure outlays, contrary to the prediction of the textbook account...

To construct our measures of welfare state expenditures we use data sources compiled by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in particular the OECD Social Expenditure Database, which includes many categories of cash and in-kind social benefits—old age and disability, occupational injury, sickness, unemployment, family benefits and services, public health expenditur...

BACKGROUND This study examined the relationships among household income, other SES indicators, and macronutrient intake in a cross-sectional study of a representative Japanese population. METHODS In 2010, we established a cohort of participants in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) from 300 randomly selected areas throughout Japan. A total of 2,637 participants (1,145 men and 1,4...

BACKGROUND The present study aimed to examine the impact of socioeconomic, demographic, and health status-related factors on out-of-pocket expenditure on health care for children. METHODS Data were obtained from a birth cohort study conducted in the city of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, in 2004. The final sample is a result of adjusts made in order to keep in the ...