Placenta is the mirror of fetomaternal status. The effect anemia in pregnancy can be diverse and detrimental to mother fetus. placenta also plays an impor­tant role hormone production releases hormones into both maternal fetal circulations affect pregnancy, metabolism, growth, parturition. Earlier developing countries women often become anemic during because demand iron vitamins will increase. ...

The thyroid hormone, 3,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), modulates several physiological processes, including cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism, inflammation and proliferation, via interactions with thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Infection and inflammation are critical processes in placental development and pregnancy-related diseases. ...

OBJECTIVE The relationship between pregnancy outcome and expression of the heat shock proteins (hsps) or hsp-antibody complexes of 60kD (hsp60), 70kD (hsp70), and 90kD (hsp90) in placental tissue and circulating antibodies to hsps was evaluated. METHOD Expression of hsp60, hsp70, and hsp90 in placentae from 12 women with preterm birth, eight with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and 10...

QUESTION How should I advise the increasing number of my pregnant patients who need to fly as part of their jobs? ANSWER Overall, existing data do not confirm increased reproductive risks for otherwise healthy pregnant women traveling by air. Pregnant women with specific medical conditions that might be exacerbated by a hypoxic environment, such as respiratory and cardiac diseases, should avo...

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimum interpregnancy interval after miscarriage in a first recorded pregnancy. DESIGN Population based retrospective cohort study. SETTING Scottish hospitals between 1981 and 2000. PARTICIPANTS 30,937 women who had a miscarriage in their first recorded pregnancy and subsequently became pregnant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was miscarriage, li...

Background: Maternal antibodies, transported through the placenta during pregnancy, contribute to the protection of infants from infectious diseases during the first months of life. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of antibodies against several vaccine-preventable diseases in paired maternal and cord blood serum samples in preterm and term infants and to assess placental t...

Fetal growth is a complex and dynamic process regulated by a large number of interactive factors of fetal, maternal, and placental origin. As a result, any abnormality of fetal growth has a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. It has been estimated that about 50% of intrauterine fetal growth is determined by fetal genes. Maternal disease, her nutritional intake and behaviours, such as smoking, ...

The second most common endocrinological disorder in pregnancy is thyroid dysfunction. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is primary abnormality in thyroid. Thyroid hormone is essential for the normal development of the placenta. There is evidence that preeclampsia, placental abruption and preterm labor are all causatively linked to faulty early placentation. Thyroid hormone is important fo...