The only 2 published taxonomic accounts of Neoechinorhynchus tenellus are those of Van Cleave (1913) and Van Cleave (1919) from Esox lucius Linnaeus and Sander vitreus (Mitchill) (1⁄4Stizostedion vitreus (Mitchill)). While Van Cleave’s original description is adequate to identify N. tenellus, his description of proboscis armature, lemnisci, reproductive system in both sexes, and eggs was either...

Understanding the distribution of bycaught sea turtles could inform conservation strategies and priorities. This research analyses the distribution of turtles caught as longline fisheries bycatch on the high seas of the Atlantic Ocean. This research collected 18,142 bycatch observations and 47.1 million hooks from large-scale Taiwanese longline vessels in the Atlantic Ocean from June 2002 to De...

Coordination between different motor centers is essential for the orderly production of all complex behaviors, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The current study revealed that rhythmic activities of two feeding structures of the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina, radula and hooks, which are used to extract the prey from its shell, are highly coordinated in a phase-dependent manner. Hook pr...

The retractable proboscis of acanthocephalans is equipped with hooks for attachment to the intestine definitive host. Throughout their evolutionary history, have developed a variety ways maximize anchoring host gut and avoid dislodgement. Hooks vary in size shape along longitudinal axis proboscis, texture, structure, hardness as well contribution absorption nutrients. also chemical composition,...

SUMMARY : The new system described here is a segmental square spinal instru-mentation (termed 3-S) for spinal fusion. It consists of pairs of transverse bars, hooks and longitudinal rods. The hooks are inserted bilaterally to each lateral side of the inferior articular process. The paired hook are compressed by two transverse bars and a nut. Upper and lower hooks were linked by longitudinal rod...