with its favorable geographical location, qazvin has long been a center of civilization in the iranian plateau. due to its strategic importance and being situated on the way to routes going to west and east, qazvin has always enjoyed military and political significance in both the pre-islamic and the islamic period. after the muslim arabs’ conquest of persia, qazvin became one of the borders of...

of Japan are mostly concentrated in Kyoto, Nara and Tokyo. Particularly in Kyoto, cultural heritage places are scattered with high density in the relatively small basin, which is incomparable with any other city and/or town. Case studies have been conducted to develop a protection system from post-earthquake fire for the oldest wooden temple structure in the Kyoto basin, making use of a water c...

As an important part of the city's cultural heritage, historical and blocks have witnessed changes, leaving many valuable natural human resources. However, after years baptism, blocks, now destruction buildings relics, poor living environment, frequent population flow, these are obviously not in line with modern city, direction urban development. In order to promote revival it is imperative ren...

Since the nineteenth century two distinct domestic architectural traditions in the Scottish Highlands have been interpreted in Britain as representative of Highland and Scottish identity. But Scotland's positive national identification with both the indigenous turf-walled and thatched Highland blackhouse and the imposed white, regular forms of the eighteenth-century " improved cottage " and far...

This historic city has already extended its cultured hospitality twice to the members of the Society in 1960 and 1977. Now, once again after a decade, we are indebted to our hosts of Calcutta for their spontaneous generosity. It is needless to point out the rich heritage and culture which Bengal has contributed to our national life. The tunes of Vande Matharam and Jana Gana Mana flowed from her...

Recent natural and anthropic disasters have aroused the interest of scientific governmental community in seeking more efficient effective risk mitigation strategies. Index-based approaches received particular attention field disaster because their extraordinary capacity to synthesise spatially contextualise vulnerability. Motivated by massive impacts earthquakes, seismic has gained popularity o...

Brazilian official institutions, following the frequent pattern of developing countries’ urban mismanagement, have not succeeded in wrestling with Brazil’s historic tradition of occupation prior to tenure regularization and of gradual (non-planned) expansion of urban areas (Marx, 1991). This tradition favoured the production of informal settlements, which are increasingly shaping cities’ expans...