Background: An enchondroma is a benign and a well-differentiated chondrosarcoma is an invasive chondroid tumor with high recurrence potential. In spite of biologic differences, these two tumors have very similar histopathologic appearance. It has been shown that the biologic nature of the connective tissue around benign and malignant tumors varies in the number of mast cells. The aim of this s...

As an organizational form, franchising has evolved to the point where it now accounts for 38% of all retail sales in the U.S. This unqualified success of the franchise form can be attributed to its inherent strategic advantages. The most central of these strategic advantages is economies of scale. But scale, and the ensuing spatial preemption, are only attained through the acquisition of extern...

Let 1 ≤ p < ∞ and let μ be a positive finite Borel measure on the unit disk D. The area Nevanlinna-Lebesgue space Np(μ) consists of all measurable functions h on D such that log |h| ∈ Lp(μ), and the area Nevanlinna space N α is the subspace of N p((1 − |z|2)αdν(z)), where α > −1 and ν is area measure on D, consisting of all holomorphic functions. We characterize Carleson measures for N α, defin...

High-dimensional switches have been proposed as a way to model cellular differentiation, particularly in the context of basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) competitive heterodimerization networks. A previous study derived a simple rule showing how many elements can be co-expressed, depending on the rate of competition within the network. A limitation to that rule, however, is that many biochemical pa...

Manipulation of in-group and out-group norms of discrimination and fairness allowed for the operation of competing social identity principles concerning in-group bias, conformity, and group distinctiveness. The combined effects of these principles on in-group bias were first examined in a modified minimal-group setting (Study 1). Results demonstrated that participants' allocation strategies wer...

The aim of the paper is to present the fundamental definitions connected to fractional differentiation and to present an overview of the CRONE approach in the fields of system analysis, modeling and identification, observation and control. Industrial applications of fractional differentiation are also described in this paper. Some recent developments are also presented.

Human activities have altered the composition of biotas through two fundamental processes: native extinctions and alien introductions. Both processes affect the taxonomic (i.e., species identity) and phylogenetic (i.e., species evolutionary history) structure of species assemblages. However, it is not known what the relative magnitude of these effects is at large spatial scales. Here we analyze...

This article argues that behavioral differentiation of the sexes is minimal when children are observed or tested individually. Sex differences emerge primarily in social situations, and their nature varies with the gender composition of dyads and groups. Children find same-sex play partners more compatible, and they segregate themselves into same-sex groups, in which distinctive interaction sty...

The veins in the Drosophila wing have a characteristic width, which is regulated by the activity of the Notch pathway. The expression of the Notch-ligand Delta is restricted to the developing veins, and coincides with places where Notch transcription is lower. We find that this asymmetrical distribution of ligand and receptor leads to activation of Notch on both sides of each vein within a terr...

Terminal differentiation of skin keratinocytes is a vertically directed multi-step process that is tightly controlled by the sequential expression of a variety of genes. In this study, we investigated the role of the POU domain-containing transcription factor Brn2 in keratinocyte differentiation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Brn2 is expressed primarily in the upper granular layer. C...