background: about 10% to 15% of infertile men have azoospermia, which could be obstructive or non-obstructive. diagnostic biopsy from the testis and recently testicular sperm extraction (tese) are the most precise investigations in these patients. testicular biopsy can be done unilaterally or bilaterally. the worth of unilateral or bilateral testicular biopsy in men with azoospermia is controve...

Quantum dots are new types of fluorescent materials for biological labeling. As a result, QDs toxicity study is an essential requirement for future clinical applications. Therefore, the cytotoxic CdSe:ZnS quantum dots effects on some organs in mice are presented in this study. In this work, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg doses of CdSe:ZnS quantum dots were injected to 32 adult male mice. Structural and op...

Background: In vitro spermatogenesis has a long research history beginning in the early 20th century. This organ culture method was therefore abandoned, and alternative cell culture methods were chosen by many researchers. Here, whether Tnp1, Tekt1, and Plzf, which play a crucial role in spermatogenesis, can be expressed during testis organ culture was assessed. Methods: Testes of 10 mouse pups...

Background and Objective: It is conceivable that caffeine consumption would induce gonadal changes. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of embryonic caffeine exposure on rat testis and prostate. Materials and Methods: Female rats were divided into (n=7): A control, only received drinking water. B and C groups received caffeine low dose (26 mg/kg) and high dose (45 mg/kg) respectively...

background: γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is considered to be the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian central nervous systems (cns). there are two major classes of gaba receptors: gabaars and gababrs. the gabaa receptor is derived from various subunits such as alpha1-alpha 6, beta1-beta 3, gamma1-gamma 4, delta, epsilon, pi, and rho1-3. intensive research has been performed to un...

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), an industrial solvent, is a well-established hepatotoxin. Studies demonstrated that liver is not the only target organ of CCl4 since it causes free radical generation in other tissues such as testis. It has also been reported that exposure to CCl4 induces acute and chronic reproductive toxicity. Diverse medicinal plants have been screened and assessed fo...