OBJECTIVE The current conflict in Afghanistan is the first major military action in which the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces have found themselves regularly engaged in combat at high altitudes. However, high altitude warfare is not a new concept in Asia by any means. METHODS This article will offer a short general historical review of high altitude wa...

The neurocognitive basis of the effect of long-term high altitude exposure on conflict control is unclear. Event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a flanker task to investigate the influence of high altitude on conflict control in the high-altitude group (who had lived at high altitude for three years but were born at low altitude) and the low-altitude group (living in low altitude onl...

introduction: citation analysis reflects the extent to which published work has been recognized in the scientific community. the purpose of this study was to characterize the most cited publications in travel medicine.methods: travel medicine articles indexed on scopus which had been published in the english language through 2016 were retrieved independently by two researchers using various sea...

Approximately, 140 million people worldwide live permanently at high altitudes (HAs) and approximately another 40 million people travel to HA area (HAA) every year for reasons of occupation, sports or recreation. In India, whole of Ladakh region, part of Northwest Kashmir, Northern part of Sikkim and Tenga valley of Arunachal are considered inhabited areas of HAA. The low quantity of oxygen, hi...

The space environment consists mainly of high-energy charged particles, such as protons, electrons and heavy ions. They are originating from several sources including galactic cosmic radiation, solar flares and van Allen belts. High energy electromagnetic radiation and neutrons have also been measured on spacecraft. Although shielding can reduce the effect of space radiation it cannot be elimin...

With increasing altitude, there is a fall in barometric pressure and a progressive fall in the partial pressure of oxygen. Acclimatization describes the physiologic changes that help maintain tissue oxygen delivery and human performance in the setting of hypobaric hypoxemia. These changes include a marked increase in alveolar ventilation, increased hemoglobin concentration and affinity, and inc...

Over the last three decades, increased awareness and education have lessened the instances of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) encountered by otherwise healthy, active sojourners to high altitude. HAPE had been described in Europe as early as the late 1700s and in South America in the late 1800s and 1900s, when it was thought to be pneumonia and/or fluid in the lungs from heart failure. But...