Snakes exhibit genetic sex determination, with female heterogametic sex chromosomes (ZZ males, ZW females). Extensive cytogenetic work has suggested that the level of sex chromosome heteromorphism varies among species, with Boidae having entirely homomorphic sex chromosomes, Viperidae having completely heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and Colubridae showing partial differentiation. Here, we take ...

All the species of Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 karyotyped up until now have been classified as 2n = 22. The species of the Physalaemus cuvieri group analyzed by C-banding present a block of heterochromatin in the interstitial region of the short arm of pair 5. Physalaemus cicada Bokermann, 1966 has been considered to be a member of the Physalaemus cuvieri species group, although its interspecif...

Seed heteromorphism observed in many halophytes is an adaptive phenomenon toward high salinity. However, the relationship between heteromorphic seed germination and germination-related hormones under salt stress remains elusive. To gain an insight into this relationship, the roles of gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) in regulating germination of Suaeda salsa dimorphic brown and black s...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The duration of the plant life cycle is an important attribute that determines fitness and coexistence of weeds in arable fields. It depends on the timing of two key life-history traits: time from seed dispersal to germination and time from germination to flowering. These traits are components of the time to reproduction. Dormancy results in reduced and delayed germination, ...

Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful analytical technique for the measurement of gene expression, which depends on the stability of the reference gene used for data normalization. Suaeda aralocaspica, an annual halophyte with heteromorphic seeds and possessing C4 photosynthesis pathway without Kranz anatomy, is an ideal plant species to ...

The first gene to be mapped to a specific chromosome in man indeed, in any mammal was that for color blindness, deduced to be on the X chromosome by E.B. Wilson at Columbia University in 1911. A few dozen other X-linked traits (e.g., hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy) were identified by characteristic pedigree pattern during the next 57 years before the first assignment of a gene to a ...

OBJECTIVE A micro-molecule peptide TP1623 of 99mTc-human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was prepared and the feasibility of using it as a HER2-positive molecular imaging agent for breast cancer was evaluated. METHODS TP1623 was chemically synthesized and labeled with 99mTc. The labeling ratio and stability were detected. HER2 expression levels of breast cancer cells (SKBR3 and MDA...

S ex chromosomes have evolved independently many times throughout the eukaryotes, and represent a remarkable case of genomic convergence, as unrelated sex chromosomes share many properties across distant taxa1–3. Sex chromosomes evolve after recombination is halted between a homologous pair of chromosomes4,5, leading to a cascade of non-adaptive and adaptive processes that produce distinct diff...

Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) is a group of approximately 200 annual and perennial species, representing two-thirds of the diversity within subtribe Cryptanthinae. The genus exhibits an amphitropic distribution, occurring in temperate and desert regions of western North and South America. Fifty samples of 45 species of Cryptantha s. l., exemplars of the related genera Amsinckia, Pectocarya, and Pla...