In a model of evolution driven by con ict between societies more powerful states have an advantage. When the in uence of outsiders is small we show that this results in a tendency to hegemony. In a simple example in which institutions di er in their exclusiveness we nd that these hegemonies will be ine ciently extractive in the sense of having ine ciently high taxes, high compensation for state...

Formal administrative protocols for responding to bias incidents are now the norm in higher education. This article considers these developments by posing critical questions about racial justice work on campus, identifying key features of an underacknowledged institutional racism, and contributing to discussions about ways that diversity and social justice efforts often reproduce rather than ch...

There are three microbes that originated from the roots (Rhizosphere) of cocoa plant ( Theobroma cacao L.) as a potential biofertilizer. This research aimed to specify ability microbial isolates in consortium with addition Biosurfactant Diethanolamide. The were observed using synergism test, molecular and population identification consortium. test showed not mutually antagonistic indicated ther...

Peter Thomas’s criticism of arguments advanced recently an era “post-hegemony” in Western democracies may be extended by considering the experience post-colonial Asia and Africa. Reviewing use Gramscian concepts consent passive revolution study modern South Asian history, this paper argues that both Gramsci’s objectives –a general theory power analysis historically contingent strategic politics...