BACKGROUND Techniques based on radio frequency (RF) energy have many applications in medicine, in particular tumour ablation. Today, mammography screening detects many breast cancers at an early stage, facilitating treatment by minimally invasive techniques such as radio frequency ablation (RFA). The breast cancer is mostly surrounded by fat, which during RFA-treatment could result in preferent...

the environmental scanning electron microscopy (esem) is a new development in the field of electron microscopy. in this study esem has been used to study the structure of veal semimembranosus muscle. four treatments, raw (control), conventional heating, domestic and industrial microwave heating, were observed using esem. the temperature used in conventional heating was 163 0c. frequency app...

A new structure combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system integrating green applying a control strategy based on improved whale optimization algorithm is proposed in this paper. This paper fully considers the high energy demand large amount of waste heat chemical enterprises. By absorbing (mainly from wastewater), coupling wind photovoltaic equipment, adding heating, electricity storage...

The Heat Pump with geothermal exchanger is one of the best methods to heat a building. The heat exchanger is an element with probabilities of failure due its size and due it is outside construction. The present study shows a novel intelligent system design to detect faults on this type of heating equipment. The novel approach has been successfully empirically tested under a real dataset obtaine...

This paper addresses the problem of controlling Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems with the purpose of maintaining a desired thermal comfort level, whilst minimizing the electrical energy required. Using a pilot installation, in the University of Algarve, Portugal, a Model Based Predictive Control (MBPC) strategy is used to control the HVAC equipment. The thermal comfort is...

The door to a microwave oven forms part of the heating cavity, allowing access to the oven interior. The seal around the door is never perfect, so electromagnetic fi elds will leak out of the oven, potentially interfering with other electrical equipment or exceeding safety limits for power levels in human operators. Oven designs have to meet legal requirements for the amount of power which can ...

Quite often traditional specifications for temperature maintenance of sulfur piping and equipment call for the use of a steam jacket as a requirement for the proper handling of sulfur. This is usually based on historical practice which has not considered the availability of newer more economical methods such as the Thermon SnapTrace system which has also been proven to be an effective method fo...

The starch mashing phase, the first one in the brewing process, has a fundamental influence on the quality of the final product. In particular, a good temperature control can significantly reduce the product variability, and also improve the process efficiency by (slightly) reducing the mashing phase duration. In this work, controloriented models of the mashing process, including biochemical re...

A thin film coating of titanium nitride was applied to the surface of rf cavity tuners to reduce secondary electron generated when the existing copper base material is in place. The tuners are used in high-field gradients, where electron heating of the tuner is a problem. By reducing the generation of electrons the temperature of the tuners will be reduced, for better reliability. This paper co...