Estimated values of recent oceanic heat uptake are on the order of a few tenths of a Wm, and are a very small residual of air–sea exchanges, with annual average regional magnitudes of hundreds of Wm. Using a dynamically consistent state estimate, the redistribution of heat within the ocean is calculated over a 20-yr period. The 20-yr mean vertical heat flux shows strong variations in both the l...

The article deals with life support systems, the main purpose of such systems is to make building suitable for human life, or create comfortable conditions work. To a favorable environment, optimal temperature and humidity in all residential industrial premises, ventilation air conditioning are used. goal work was development high-tech energy-saving system modern automated control system. At sa...

An analytical model for a coastal boundary current was used to investigate heat and salt budget of exchange flows in the Persian Gulf as a marginal sea. Coastal boundary currents exchange heat and freshwater with the mosphere and the offshore waters. As heat and salinity fluxes caused by air-sea interaction and eddy activities, different temperature and salinity associated with boundary current...

The effects of heat transfer on engineering applications is a fundamental aspect in the design of power and propulsive systems. The heat exchange between fluid and solid parts may reduce the efficiency of the system in situations where temperature peaks and gradients become important. This is the case of gas turbines, combustion engines or cooling of turbine blades. However, this interaction is...

We estimate a lower bound on the amount of latent heat liberated by freezing droplets. Based on a physical picture of the freezing process, we arrive at an estimate for the effective latent heat (calculated along a reversible path), suitable for heat budget calculations of glaciating clouds. In addition, we arrive at a quadratic dependence on supercooling for the irreversible contribution to he...

Shell and Tube heat exchanger system (STHX) is widely used in food processing and chemical industries because it can sustain wide range of temperature and pressure. The main purpose is to exchange heat between hot and cool fluid. The designed controllers will regulate the temperature of outlet fluid to a desired set point in the shortest possible time irrespective of load and process disturbanc...

Heat exchangers are devices whose primary responsibility is the transfer (exchange) of heat, typically from one fluid to another. However, they are not only used in heating applications, such as space heaters, but are also used in cooling applications, such as refrigerators and air conditioners. Heat exchange processes often contain time-delay. This paper deals with design of universal and robu...

We propose a new algorithm for non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of thermal gradients. The algorithm is an extension of the heat exchange algorithm developed by Hafskjold et al. [Mol. Phys. 80, 1389 (1993); 81, 251 (1994)], in which a certain amount of heat is added to one region and removed from another by rescaling velocities appropriately. Since the amount of added and removed h...