Background and purpose: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) include blood-borne viruses that have infected millions of people worldwide. During haircut or shaving, barbers may accidentally expose their clients’ blood, transmit their own infection to them, or transmit the infection from one client to another. Hence, the knowledge of barbers toward topics related to AIDS is of great importa...

Because much of what children learn extends beyond their first-hand experience, they are reliant upon the testimony of others to acquire information about aspects of the world they have not experienced directly. Here we asked whether testimony alone would be sufficient to induce cognitive biases in knowledge attribution that have been observed when children acquire information through direct ob...

0. Introduction There has recently been much debate concerning the nature of representations of phonological objects, particularly with regard to the role of abstract phonological constructs such as features and natural classes. This debate has extended to include differing notions about how phonological knowledge is learned and represented in the mind. The goal of this paper is to provide evid...

Data in the social, behavioral and health sciences frequently come from observational studies instead of controlled experiments. In addition to random errors, observational data typically contain additional sources of uncertainty such as missing values, unmeasured confounders, and selection biases. Also, the research question is often different to that which a particular data source was designe...

It is a common notion that we understand ourselves better than we understand other people. It is also apparent why we think this is so. After all, we know much more about ourselves than about others, including our memories, our present intentions, and our future goals. And we care more about ourselves than we care about others, so we are more likely to attend to and interpret our own activities...