islamic golden age, 9-12 century ad, was the period through which persian scientists and physicians were most influential in improving medical sciences including cardiovascular knowledge. although post-islamic golden age witnessed a number of great persian scholars moving cardiovascular concepts forward, they failed to become as well known as their predecessors. one of these scholars was hakim ...

In this paper, we study Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi's (1380-1429 A.D.) main mathematical achievements. We discuss his al-Risala al-muhitiyya ("The Treatise on the Circumference"), Risala al-watar wa'l-jaib ("The Treatise on the Chord and Sine"), and Miftah al-hisab ("The Key of Arithmetic"). In particular, we look at al-Kashi's fundamental theorem, his calcula...

the phenomenon of intertextuality is the important phenomena critique at contemporary critics. it is a common relationship between two texts or number of texts in an evoking manner. contemporary critics consider this phenomenon of different aspects such as sources, forms and species. religion and religious heritage of the most important sources that inspired poets and writers since ancient and ...

abd- al sami’ ibn-mohammad-ali- yazdi is one of the lettered, jurists & poets of 13th century (a.h) that has done valuable services to the arabic language and literature like so many other iranian. so far, there are only a few biographical books in which he has been mentioned or introduced. unfortunately he has been forgotten during the passage of time. most of his writings are in arabic and th...

no doubt nahj al-balaghah is one of the greatest religious books after holy quran and its content including sermons, letters, and philosophies serve as a bright light that guides humans and they find path to growth and guidance with its light beam. this place is because nahj al-balaghah was inspired by contents of quran and the prophet’s tradition. imam ali reflects rhetoric and eloquence in hi...

in his mushkilat al-hadith, yahya muhammad denies knowledge and innocence of shiite imams through presenting such proofs as the way companions of later shiite imams dealt with the issue of imama, formation of various shi‘a sects, perplexity and dispute of shiites as to imama of the next imam in every era, not presenting al-kafi to four vicegerents of the twelfth imam, and lack of belief in the ...

the same three categories. Bibliographies of manuscripts cited, edited original sources, and secondary literature complete the volume. The clinical material recorded in Abui al-'Ala' Zuhr's treatise is deplorably short of the type of detail we should like to have. Details of name, background, and occupation are never given, and only occasionally is age or general physical condition stated. The ...