This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. There has been widespread adoption of new laws to support new...

We present a dynamic model of "scal policy in a simple growth framework where social polarization (of preferences) plays a central role in the evolution of "scal instability and growth collapse. In a highly polarized society, a de"cit occurs endogenously, "scal spending path becomes more volatile, output collapses, and economic growth rate is reduced along the transition path to a new lower lev...

The appearance potentials (AP) of various ions, which are produced by field ionization at pla­ tinum tip emitters have been measured by a retarding potential energy analyzer coupled to the output of a single-focusing magnetic mass spectrometer. Adsorption layers of water and organic molecules on the emitter surface were found to have no significant influence on the AP measure­ ments. The APs of...

The penton base is a major capsid protein of human adenoviruses (HAdV) which forms the vertices of the capsid and interacts with hexon and fiber protein. Two hypervariable loops of the penton are exposed on the capsid surface. Sequences of these and 300 adjacent amino acid residues of all 51 HAdV and closely related simian adenoviruses were studied. Adjacent sequences and predicted overall seco...

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) of sequence type 131 (ST131) are a pandemic multidrug resistant clone associated with urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Type 1 fimbriae, a major UPEC virulence factor, are essential for ST131 bladder colonization. The globally dominant sub-lineage of ST131 strains, clade C/H30-R, possess an ISEc55 insertion in the fimB gene that controls phase-varia...

In this paper we study Brain Drain (BD) and Fiscal Competition (FC) in a unified framework for the European Union (EU) specific context. Potential mobility of educated workers can increase the degree of FC through taxation or the provision of public education. An increase in FC can be caused by competition among different jurisdictions that aim to attract educated workers. When the importance o...

We study a model of tax competition between two countries when both skilled and unskilled workers make their migration decisions simultaneously and wages are endogenously determined. If both factors of production are allowed to migrate freely and when the demand for skilled labor is not so elastic, the problem typically predicted in the literature of tax competition that increased mobility of p...