Defensive fluids obtained from the Garden Tiger, Scarlet Tiger and Burnet Moths and from the Monarch Butterfly and the Seven-Spot Ladybird Beetle, haemolymphs taken from the wasp, the Burying Beetle and the Rat Flea, and fluids from the eggs of the Garden Tiger, Gypsy Moth and Oak Eggar Moth were examined in the electron microscope after negative staining. Except for the ladybird all the defens...

1. Attempts to control natural systems through management have often met with success but have also led to unexpected and often undesirable outcomes. Unfortunately, the ultimate result of such management programmes may not be apparent until long after the control efforts have begun. This is particularly true for forest-defoliating species that exhibit longperiod cycles such as the invasive gyps...

1 The effect of winter temperature and forest susceptibility on the rate of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) range expansion in the lower peninsula of Michigan was analysed using historical data on moth counts in a grid of pheromone-baited traps collected from 1985 to 1994 by the Michigan Department of Agriculture. The rate of spread was measured by the distance between population boundaries in...

Title of Dissertation: DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS OF THE EVERGREEN UNDERSTORY LAYER IN CENTRAL APPALACHIAN HIGHLAND FORESTS Robert A. Chastain Jr., Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation Directed By: Associate Professor Philip A. Townsend, Marine, Estuarine and Environmental Science Graduate Program Evergreen understory layer communities dominated by Rhododendron maximum L. and/or Kalmia latifo...

Levels of phenolic glycosides and protein inßuence the quality of aspen leaves to herbivorous insects, and vary in relation to genetic and environmental factors. This research was conducted to assess the independent and interactive effects of phenolic glycosides and protein on the performance and detoxication enzyme activities of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), and forest tent caterpillars,...