In this paper, we consider the transmission of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signal over a channel with timevarying frequency-selective fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Due to channel dispersion, intersymbol and intercarrier interference will occur at the receiver. To reduce this interference, a guard time is added as a cyclic prefix. The system performance...

Our understanding of the signalling mechanisms involved in the process of stomatal closure is reviewed. Work has concentrated on the mechanisms by which abscisic acid (ABA) induces changes in specific ion channels at both the plasmalemma and the tonoplast, leading to efflux of both K+ and anions at both membranes, requiring four essential changes. For each we need to identify the specific chann...

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) reports on the water status of the plant and induces stomatal closure. Guard cell anion channels play a central role in this response, because they mediate anion efflux, and in turn, cause a depolarization-induced K+ release. We recorded early steps in ABA signaling, introducing multibarreled microelectrodes in guard cells of intact plants. Upon external ABA...

Transposition errors fundamentally undermine reliability and capacity in molecular communication, when individual particles are used for information encoding. Recently, several channel coding techniques have been proposed for mitigating the transposition effect. The presented techniques show promising results for diffusion-based channels with drift. However, so far no performance evaluation has...

Plant gas exchange with the environment is facilitated by stomata, small pores found on most aerial surfaces of land plants. Stomatal pores are formed between a pair of specialized guard cells. In C3 plants, open stomata allow the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis during the day and at the same time the loss of water vapor, maintaining the transpiration stream. At night and during drought, plant...

In this paper, a two-tier cellular communication wireless network is characterized by overlapping the service area for managing the new calls users having different mobility speed. The overlapping property of the two-tier system provides the advantages that share the traffic load to improve the efficiency of new calls subscriber with reservation of channels (guard channels) in cell to handle th...

Plant gas exchange with the environment is facilitated by stomata, small pores found on most aerial surfaces of land plants. Stomatal pores are formed between a pair of specialized guard cells. In C3 plants, open stomata allow the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis during the day and at the same time the loss of water vapor, maintaining the transpiration stream. At night and during drought, plant...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to function as second messengers in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells. However, the question whether ROS production is indeed required for ABA signal transduction in vivo has not yet been addressed, and the molecular mechanisms mediating ROS production during ABA signaling remain unknown. Here, we report identification of two partially...

in the fourth verse of the chapter tariq, human soul has been known to have a guard. commentators, however, have presented different views knowing human soul and its guard respectively as: 1- human spirit and divine angles, 2- all creatures and god, 3- animal power and human spirit. as one of the fundamental causes for disagreement lies in the philosophical tendencies of the commentators, this ...