Lejarraga, H., and Peckham, C. S. (1974). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 49, 50. Birthweight and subsequent growth of children exposed to rubella infection in utero. Birthweight, and head circumference and body weight at preschool age were studied in a group of 212 children exposed to maternal rubella infection. Birthweights were compared to standards for birthweights of British children acc...

We investigated the role of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) using RNA interference (RNAi) and knockout cells to specifically address its role in cell cycle progression in tumor and normal cells. Ablation of HDAC4 led to growth inhibition in human tumor cells but not to detectable effects in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) or myelopoietic progenitors. HDAC4-/+ or HDAC4-/- murine embryonic f...

The regulator of ATPase of vacuoles and endosomes (RAVE) complex is implicated in vacuolar H(+)-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) assembly and activity. In yeast, rav1 mutants exhibit a Vma(-) growth phenotype characteristic of loss of V-ATPase activity only at high temperature. Synthetic genetic analysis identified mutations that exhibit a full, temperature-independent Vma(-) growth defect when ...

Siz1 and Siz2/Nfi1 are the two Siz/PIAS SUMO E3 ligases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that siz1Delta siz2Delta mutants fail to grow in the absence of the homologous recombination pathway or the Fen1 ortholog RAD27. Remarkably, the growth defects of mutants such as siz1Delta siz2Delta rad52Delta are suppressed by mutations in TOP1, suggesting that these growth defects are caused by t...

The disrupted morphology of lenses in mouse models for cataracts precludes accurate in vitro assessment of lens growth by weight. To overcome this limitation, we developed morphometric methods to assess defects in eye lens growth and shape in mice expressing the alphaA-crystallin R49C (alphaA-R49C) mutation. Our morphometric methods determine quantitative shape and dry weight of the whole lens ...

The concept Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [3] (FAS) refers to a set of birth defects [4] that occur in children born to mothers who abused alcohol during pregnancy [5]. The alcohol-induced defects include preand post-natal growth deficiencies, minor facial abnormalities, and damage to the developing central nervous system [6] (CNS). FAS is the most serious condition physicians group under the heading ...

Studies of safety-critical software-reliant systems developed using the current practices of build-then-test show that requirements and architecture design defects make up approximately 70% of all defects, many system level related to operational quality attributes, and 80% of these defects are discovered late in the development life cycle [Redman 2010]. Exponential growth in software size and ...

Blood vessels in vertebrates are established and genetically controlled in an evolutionarily-conserved manner during embryogenesis. Disruption of vascular growth by chemical compounds or environmental hormones may cause developmental defects. This study analyzed the vascular impacts of marine compound GB9 in zebrafish. GB9 was isolated from the marine soft coral Capnella imbricata and had shown...

Traumatic wounds and congenital defects that require large-scale bone tissue repair have few successful clinical therapies, particularly for craniomaxillofacial defects. Although bioactive materials have demonstrated alternative approaches to tissue repair, an optimized materials system for reproducible, safe, and targeted repair remains elusive. We hypothesized that controlled, rapid bone form...