An ADO (analytical discrete ordinates) solution is used to establish a concise and accurate result for a basic radiative transfer problem in a finite layer described by the grey equation of transfer with general anisotropic scattering. As a specific application, the solution is evaluated for the case of Fresnel boundary conditions to yield numerical results (of a high standard) for several spec...

The research scope of grey relational analysis has not been developed in recent years, and the exiting GRA models are all based on three perspectives, including distance perspective, slope perspective, and area perspective. Under this situation, a novel model called grey relational analysis based on angle perspective (GRAAP) was developed in this paper for the first time, and this model can exp...

Self-reported behavioural data, being often linguistic variables that represent a qualitative measure of respondents’ opinions/attitudes, are vague, uncertain, and fuzzy in nature. A road safety performance index, based on these should consider this uncertainty. In study, numbers were used to describe self-reported behaviour Montenegrin roads, which was further integrated into the data envelopm...

the problems of shortages and quality deterioration of water, have led to an increased interest in the reuse of treated grey water in many parts of the world. this study examined the suitability of locally available materials (beach sand, oyster shells, and charcoal) to treat grey water samples collected weekly from three halls of residence (unity hall, africa hall, and independence hall) on kw...

Some decision-making problems, i.e., multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) require taking into account the attitudes of a large number decision-makers and/or respondents. Therefore, an approach to transformation crisp ratings, collected from respondents, in grey interval numbers form based on median scores, is considered this article. In way, simplicity collecting respondents’ using values, b...

A grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), able to label the color of the bigger or smaller object in a pair (I. M. Pepperberg & M. V. Brezinsky, 1991), to vocally quantify < or =6 item sets (including heterogeneous subsets; I. M. Pepperberg, 1994), and separately trained to identify Arabic numerals 1-6 with the same vocal English labels but not to associate Arabic numbers with their relevant physica...

Monthly total body tick collections from 13-20 camels were conducted for 2 consecutive years (2000-2001) in Northern Sudan. Tick populations were correlated with locality, season, predeliction site, sex and coat colour. Hyalomma dromedarii was found to be the predominant (89%) tick species infesting the camels. Other tick species found in very low numbers were Hyalomma impeltatum (7.7%), Hyalom...