This study investigated the effects of planned focus-on-form instruction (pFFI) on developing oral grammatical accuracy in Iranian English EFL learners. To this end, 60 lower-intermediate EFL learners studying English in a private English language institute in Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned to two classes. Both classes received a task-based instruction on grammatical points elicited in or...

abstractmammary tissue, skeletal muscle, and spleen are less frequently affected by mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb).the most common age for breast tb is between 50 and 70. on this article, we are reporting a 72-year-old womanwho presented with chronic cough, lobar consolidation in right middle lobe (rml) on the cxr, and a massin her right breast revealed on the physical examination. biopsy from...

In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm for parsing natural language using unification grammars. The algorithm is an extension of left-corner parsing, a bottom-up algorithm which utilizes top-down expectations. The extension exploits unification grammar’s uniform representation of syntactic, semantic, and domain knowledge, by incorporating all types of grammatical knowledge into parser...

This paper surveys the principal Generative syntactic analyses which have been proposed for ergativity, found primarily in Inuit, Austronesian, Mayan, and Pama-Nyungan language families. The main puzzle for Generative Grammar is how to analyze the behavior of ergative and absolutive arguments in terms of the grammatical functions of subject and object. I show in this paper that early approaches...

Phrase-based statistical machine translation systems can generate translations of reasonable quality in the case of language pairs with similar structure and word order. However, if the languages are more distant from a grammatical point of view, the quality of translations is much behind the expectations, since the baseline translation system cannot cope with long distance reordering of words ...

The project being reported on is a sub-project of the on-going research of the CKIP (Chinese Knowledge Information Processing) Group. This group was founded by Hsieh Ching-chun in 1986 and is currently directed by Kehjiann Chen and Chu-Ren Huang (Chang et al. 1989, Hsieh et al. 1989, Chen et al. 1991). The CKIP research is divided into three sub-projects according to their goals: 1) An On-line ...

The number of farmers in the European Union is gradually declining due to weak incentives, especially for younger generation, work agriculture. State intervention therefore essential preservation farms form legal regulation succession as well creation a supportive environment successor entities be able continue agricultural production effectively. aim this paper assess sustainability potential ...

Recent studies hypothesize that language production is governed by the principle of efficient information transmission: Speakers tend to omit elements whose information content is contextually predictable, while providing more linguistic signal to convey otherwise less predictable information. However, previous findings in support of this hypothesis are also compatible with alternative accounts...