The goal of this work is to examine how second-language learners acquire grammatical knowledge. To measure this knowledge, our research examines how native speakers of English choose between constructions that have similar meanings, but occur in different discourse contexts. An example is the dative alternation (give someone the book vs. give the book to someone). The distribution of these two ...

Blackbox fuzz testing can only test a small portion of code when rigorously checking the well-formedness of input values. To overcome this problem, blackbox fuzz testing is performed using a grammar that delineates the format information of input values. However, it is almost impossible to manually construct a grammar if the input specifications are not known. We propose an alternative techniqu...

Thank you for your suggestions on our manuscript. This time, we had a fluent English writer to edit the grammar, and adjusted the formatting according to instruction for author. All changes made were highlighted in red color. Anyway, the figure1 has been revised according to request of photograph, and will be submitted separately. Please check them. Thank you again.

This study is about embodied and endogenous grammar instruction on worksheets in teaching Swedish as a second language. It is demonstrated how an ‘awareness’ to produce a linguistic construct ‘grammatically correct’ is co-achieved by the teacher and the student. To see and understand the grammatical features of the words, an interactive instructional sequence is initiated by the teacher. This i...

In contrast to native language acquisition, adult second-language (L2) acquisition occurs under highly variable learning conditions. Although most adults acquire their L2 at least partially through explicit instruction, as in a classroom setting, many others acquire their L2 primarily through implicit exposure, as is typical of an immersion environment. Whether these differences in acquisition ...

IN THE PAST FEW DECADES, COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE Instruction (CALI), or Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), has been of interest because of its potential for providing individualized instruction. Interactivity between the computer and the learner is one of the important elements in CALI. Compared to a traditional textbook or workbook, a CALI program can provide immediate feedback on ...

This paper introduces a cognitive tutor designed for second language grammar instruction. The tutor adopted Corbett and Anderson’s (1995) Bayesian knowledge tracing model and provided adaptive training on the English article system. We followed the Competition Model (MacWhinney, 1997) and understood the article system as a galaxy of cues determining article usage on the basis of form-function m...

The recently published Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology does not spend a single word on computer-aided language learning (CALL). Indeed, present-day CALL systems hardly employ Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Reasons for this state of affairs are not hard to find. First of all, current language teaching methods tend to emphasize oral language skills, espe...