OBJECTIVES The nuclear protein high mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a proinflammatory mediator that belongs to the alarmin family of proinflammatory mediators, and it has recently emerged as a key player in different acute and chronic immune disorders. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that HMGB1 is actively released extracellularly from immune cells or passively released from necro...

Abstract When a glued laminated timber (GLT) beam with round hole is subjected to shear force and bending moment, the will crack fail due large tensile stress perpendicular grain stresses. If stresses acting on are known, it possible estimate fracture load. However, necessary obtain by finite element analysis, which very time consuming. In this study, easily load, we proposed formula bearing ca...

This report characterizes the intra-H-2 crossover in the D2.GD mouse strain. Recombination occurred within the I region between the immune response (Ir) gene controlling immune responsiveness to ragweed extract (RE). Ir-RE, and the Ir gene governing responsiveness to the random linear terpolymers of glutamic acid and lysine with either tyrosine or pheylalanine (Ir-GLT and Ir-GLphi). The Ir-RE g...

OBJECTIVE Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) maintains low concentrations of extracellular glutamate by removing glutamate from the extracellular space. It is controversial, however, whether upregulation of GLT-1 is neuroprotective under all ischemic/hypoxic conditions. Recently, a neuroprotective effect of preconditioning with a β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTX) that increases expression of G...

The neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1 (excitatory amino acid carrier 1), undergoes rapid regulation after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or phorbol ester in C6 glioma cells and neurons. A large intracellular pool of EAAC1 exists, from which transporters are redistributed to the cell surface in response to these signals. Here we show that PDGF had no effect on subcellul...

Glutamate transporters regulate excitatory neurotransmission and prevent glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in the CNS. To better study the cellular and temporal dynamics of the expression of these transporters, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome promoter Discosoma red [glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST)] and green fluorescent protein [glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)] reporter tra...

BACKGROUND GLT-1 is a glial glutamate transporter which maintains low synaptic concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitter enabling efficient synaptic transmission. Based on the crystal structure of the bacterial homologue Glt(Ph), it has been proposed that the reentrant loop HP2, which connects transmembrane domains (TM) 7 and 8, moves to open and close access to the binding pocket from ...

Although it has long been believed that glial cells play a major role in transmitter uptake at synapses in the CNS, the relative contribution of glial and neuronal cells to reuptake of synaptically released glutamate has been unclear. Recent identification of the diverse glutamate transporter subtypes provides an opportunity to examine this issue. To monitor glutamate transporter activity, we o...

Quasiperiodic systems show a universal gap structure due to quasiperiodicity which is analogous openings at the Brillouin zone boundary in periodic systems. The integrated density of states (IDoS) below those energy gaps are characterized by few integers, known as ``gap labeling theorem'' (GLT) for quasiperiodic In this study, focusing on multilayer thin film such twisted bilayer graphene and s...

This paper presents an experimental investigation on Glued Laminated Timber (GLT) beams made with two tropical woods species, for structural purposes. Two wood species different density and under-exploited were chosen. These are Dacryodes buettneri (Ozigo) Pterocarpus osun (Padouk), Ozigo was taken as a reference species. A Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive resistant to harsh enviro...