We have demonstrated that the reproducibility of electron beam pulses generated by a high power, cold cathode glow discharge is greatly improved by adding a small continuous keep-alive discharge current. A current of the order of 200 mA was found to limit the shot to shot current variation to within 1.5%. This stabilization in turn reduces by an order of magnitude the fluctuations of the energy...

Charities publicize the donations they receive, generally according to dollar categories rather than the exact amount. Donors in turn tend to give the minimum amount necessary to get into a category. These facts suggest that donors have a taste for having their donations made public. This paper models the effects of such a taste for ‘‘prestige’’ on the behavior of donors and charities. I show h...

This paper shows in an experiment that giving rates in a dictator game increase significantly if payments are offered with delay. We hypothesize that a temptation to be selfish may be at play in social preferences. We model this and demonstrate that our model is consistent with much of the existing evidence on dictator games as well. The possible relationship with other social preference theori...

We study charitable giving within social groups. Exploiting a unique dataset, we establish three key relationships between social group size and fundraising outcomes: (i) a positive relationship between group size and the total number of donations; (ii) a negative relationship between group size and the amount given by each donor; (iii) no relationship between group size and the total amount ra...

Why do individuals volunteer their time even when recipients receive far less value than the donor’s opportunity cost? Previous models of altruism that focus on the overall impact of a gift cannot rationalize this behavior, despite its prevalence. We develop a model that relaxes this assumption, allowing for differential warm glow depending on the form of the donation. In a series of laboratory...

Eliciting actual donations toward a public good has been proposed as a means of estimating a lower bound to individuals’ compensating surplus, and can be accomplished using mail/phone surveys or field experiments. This study shows that when warm-glow is present, the elicitation instrument decreases the transaction costs of donating. This presents an obstacle to using the donation mechanism. As ...

Observations of the Sun's surface suggest a nonuniform radiated flux as related to presence bright active regions and darker coronal holes. The variations FUV/EUV source radiation can be expected affect Lyman-alpha backscatter glow measured by spaceborne instruments. In particular, inferring heliolatitudinal structure solar wind from helioglow in sky quite challenging if is not properly include...

Received ; accepted – 2 – ABSTRACT The detection of delayed emission at X-ray optical and radio wavelengths, " after-glow " , suggests that the relativistic shell which emitted the initial GRB due to internal shocks decelerates on encountering an external medium, giving rise to the after-glow. We explore the interaction of a relativistic shell with a uniform inter stellar medium (ISM), up to th...

We have probably all heard that carrots are good for our health, particularly for our eye health. This is primarily due to the very high levels of vitamin A and its natural precursor, beta-carotene, in carrots. In fact, a single cup of carrots has been reported to provide over 650% of our daily needs for vitamin A, which is simply amazing. In addition to being rich in vitamin A, carrots are a v...