Aerosols are harmful to human health and have both direct and indirect effects on climate. China is a major contributor to global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a sulfate (SO4 2 ) precursor, organic carbon (OC), and black carbon (BC) aerosols. Although increasingly examined, the effect of present and potential future levels of these emissions on global premature mortality and climate change...

Smoke from wildland fires is one of the sources of atmospheric anthropogenic aerosols. it can dramatically affect regional and global radiative balance. Ross et al. (1998) estimated a direct radiative forcing of nearly -20 ~ m ' for the 1995 Amazonian smoke season (August and September). Penner et al. (1992) indicated that the magnitude of the smoke global radiative forcing is comparable to tha...

We prove that the one-dimensional Euler–Poisson system driven by the Poisson forcing together with the usual γ -law pressure, γ ≥ 1, admits global solutions for a large class of initial data. Thus, the Poisson forcing regularizes the generic finite-time breakdown in the 2×2 p-system. Global regularity is shown to depend on whether or not the initial configuration of the Riemann invariants and d...

In 1962 Paul Cohen invented set-theoretic forcing to solve the independence problem of continuum hypothesis. It turns out that forcing is quite powerful tool and it has applications in many branches of mathematics. In 1970s Abraham Robinson extended Cohen’s forcing to model theory and developed finite forcing and infinite forcing. In this term paper we study Robinson’s finite forcing and relate...

The world's forests influence climate through physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect planetary energetics, the hydrologic cycle, and atmospheric composition. These complex and nonlinear forest-atmosphere interactions can dampen or amplify anthropogenic climate change. Tropical, temperate, and boreal reforestation and afforestation attenuate global warming through carbon seques...

Zero forcing is a dynamic graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. This forcing process has been used to approximate certain linear algebraic parameters, as well as to model the spread of diseases and information in social networks. In this paper, we introduce and study the connected forcing process – a restriction of z...

Land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC) significantly affect weather and climate as iswell documented in the scientific literature. These impacts include changes in air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture content, energy fluxes, and mesoscale and potentially large-scale circulations. Recently, the United States National Research Council (2005) highlighted the importance of LULCC an...

The study of climate and climate change is hindered by a lack of information on the effect of clouds on the radiation balance of the earth, referred to as the cloud-radiative forcing. Quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing have been obtained from the spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) launched in 1984. For the April 1985 period, the global...

The equilibrium sensitivity of Earth's climate is determined as the quotient of the relaxation time constant of the system and the pertinent global heat capacity. The heat capacity of the global ocean, obtained from regression of ocean heat content vs. global mean surface temperature, GMST, is 14 ± 6 W yr m-2 K-1, equivalent to 110 m of ocean water; other sinks raise the effective planetary hea...