A fundamental open problem in the area of blockchain protocols is whether the Bitcoin protocol is the only solution for building a secure transaction ledger. A recently proposed and widely considered alternative is the GHOST protocol which, notably, was proposed to be at the core of Ethereum as well as other recent proposals for improved Bitcoin-like systems. The GHOST variant is touted as o er...

We present the theory of a supersymmetric ghost condensate coupled to N = 1 supergravity. This is accomplished using a general formalism for constructing locally supersymmetric higher-derivative chiral superfield actions. The theory admits a ghost condensate vacuum in de Sitter spacetime. Expanded around this vacuum, the scalar sector of the theory is shown to be ghost-free with no spatial grad...

Using the structured serial coalescent with Bayesian MCMC and serial samples, we estimate population size when some demes are not sampled or are hidden, ie ghost demes. It is found that even with the presence of a ghost deme, accurate inference was possible if the parameters are estimated with the true model. However with an incorrect model, estimates were biased and can be positively misleadin...

Introduction: Ghost imaging and especially its applications to MR angiography (MRA) have been proposed as an improvement over the conventional magnitude subtraction based imaging methods, such as Fresh Blood Imaging (FBI) [1]. There are basically two types of ghost MRA; type I and II. Type I is usually performed without gating, by summing outside the body ghost artifacts created from uncontroll...

HOBBS, C.H., III; LANDRY, C.B., and PERRY, J.E., III, 2008. Assessing anthropogenic and natural impacts on ghost crabs (Ocypode quadrata) at Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina. Journal of Coastal Research, 24(6), 1450–1458. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study explores impacts of off-road vehicles on ghost crab populations as a measure of impact from recreational b...

Ghost shrimps of Callianassidae and Ctenochelidae are soft-bodied, usually heterochelous decapods representing major bioturbators of muddy and sandy (sub)marine substrates. Ghost shrimps have a robust fossil record spanning from the Early Cretaceous (~ 133 Ma) to the Holocene and their remains are present in most assemblages of Cenozoic decapod crustaceans. Their taxonomic interpretation is in ...

BACKGROUND Ghost authorship, the failure to name, as an author, an individual who has made substantial contributions to an article, may result in lack of accountability. The prevalence and nature of ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials is not known. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a cohort study comparing protocols and corresponding publications for industry-initiated tr...

In the framework of the formalism of Cornwall et all. for composite operators I study the ghost-antighost condensation in SU(2) Yang-Mills theories quantized in the Maximal Abelian Gauge and I derive analytically a condensating effective potential at two ghost loops. I find that in this approximation the one loop pairing ghost-antighost is not destroyed but no mass is generated if the ansatz fo...