Low-cost GPS receivers provide geodetic positioning information using the NMEA protocol, usually with eight digits for latitude and nine digits for longitude. When these geodetic coordinates are converted into Cartesian coordinates, the positions fit in a quantization grid of some decimeters in size, the dimensions of which vary depending on the point of the terrestrial surface. The aim of this...

Acknowledgements The writing of these guidelines has involved a myriad of resources. Besides the author's personal experience with different manufacturers' hardware and software for classical real-time (RT) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning for over a dozen years, the internet was the primary source for definitive documents and discussions. Additionally, many agencies have ...

GNSS, InSAR and LIDAR are identified as important techniques when it comes to monitoring and remote sensing of our planet Earth and its atmosphere. In fact, these techniques can be considered as key elements of the Global Geodetic Observing System. Examples of applications are: environmental monitoring; volcano monitoring, land slides, tectonic motion, deforming structures, atmosphere modeling,...

The Nigeria Geodetic Networks were established using primarily triangulation, traversing, trilateration, doppler and levelling networks for numerous control requirements in both surveying national spatial reference networks. These have a number of inherent negative failings that affect its reliability usage. Various investigations identified many weaknesses the network, starting with origin oth...

Localization and navigation technology is one of the key technologies for Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV). In this paper we develop an AGV navigation system utilizing commercial Bluetooth GPS. WGS-84 coordinates system is converted to space rectangular coordinate system, which is combined with orientation information, initial position and gesture of AGV can be determined. Experimental result sho...

Ever since the introduction of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), their measuring accuracy has been studied. Much research work has focused on the accuracy characteristics of the measuring system, e.g. the static errors and dynamic errors of the machines. However, the additional error sources can be introduced when a measuring coordinate system is set up. This paper describes how to analyse ...

We consider the rational linear relations between real numbers whose squared trigonometric functions have rational values, angles we call " geodetic ". We construct a convenient basis for the vector space over Q generated by these angles. Geodetic angles and rational linear combinations of geodetic angles appear naturally in Euclidean geometry; for illustration we apply our results to equidecom...

Geodetic sets in graphs are briefly surveyed. After an overview of earlier results, we concentrate on recent studies of the geodetic number and related invariants in graphs. Geodetic sets in Cartesian products of graphs and in median graphs are considered in more detail. Algorithmic issues and relations with several other concepts, arising from various convex and interval structures in graphs, ...

The geodetic problem was introduced by Harary et al. [17]. In order to model some social network problems, a similar problem is introduced in this paper and named the strong geodetic problem. The problem is solved for complete Apollonian networks. It is also proved that in general the strong geodetic problem is NP-complete.

An undirected graph G = (V;E) is said to be geodetic, if between any pair of vertices x; y 2 V there is a unique shortest path. Generalizations of geodetic graphs are introduced in this paper. K-geodetic graphs are de ned as graphs in which every pair of vertices has at most k paths of minimum length between them. Some properties and characterizations of k{geodetic graphs are studied.