Macrocyclic hosts as prototypical receptors to gaseous and drug-like guests are crucial components in pharmaceutical research. The external often coordinated at the center of these macromolecular containers. formation host–guest coordination is accompanied by broken host–water host–ion interactions sometimes also involves some conformational rearrangements host. A balanced description various i...

Programs that process streams of information are commonly built by assembling reusable information-flow components. In some systems the components must be chosen from a pre-defined set of primitives; in others the programmer can create new custom components using a general-purpose programming language. Neither approach is ideal: restricting programmers to a set of primitive components limits th...