Three decades of weather records at meteorological stations near Death Valley National Park are analyzed in an attempt to gauge the frequency of conditions that might form and erase the famous trails of wind-blown rocks in the mud of Racetrack Playa. Trail formation requires the playa to be wet, followed by strong winds and/or freezing conditions. Weather records are compared with a limited set...

About 60 tide-gauge stations in the Kara, Laptev, East-Siberian and Chukchi Seas have recorded the sea level change from the 1950s through 1990s. Over this 40-year period, most of these stations show a significant sea level rise (SLR). In light of global change, this SLR could be a manifestation of warming in the Arctic coupled with a decrease of sea ice extent, warming of Atlantic waters, chan...

A stochastic model for relating precipitation occurrences at multiple rain gauge stations to broad-scale atmospheric circulation patterns (the so-called \downscaling problem") is proposed. The model is an example of a nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model and generalizes existing downscaling models in the literature. The model assumes that atmospheric circulation can be classi ed into a small numb...

We revisit available tide gauge data along the coasts of Australia, and we are able to demonstrate that the rate may vary between 0.1 and 1.5 mm/ year, and that there is an absence of acceleration over the last decades. With a database of 16 stations covering only the last 17 years, the National Tidal Centre claims that sea level is rising at a rate of 5.4 mm/year. We here analyse partly longer...

The present study developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to overcome the difficulties in training the ANN models with continuous data consisting of rainy and non-rainy days. Among the six models analyzed the ANN model which used generalized feedforward type network and a hyperbolic tangent function and a combination of 5 meteorological parameters (relative humidity, air pressure, we...

[1] Estimates of vegetation state are required for hydrometeorological modeling and validation of satellite estimates of land surface conditions. A linkage is described between vegetation growth and ground reflected multipath at GPS stations. Reflections are sensitive to conditions over a ∼1000m area, larger than typical in situ observations but smaller than space‐based products. At two agricul...

Reply: this statement was indeed based on the observed data at two gauge stations: one located at the outlet of Chinese loess plateau and named Huayuankou station; another was located at the estuary of yellow river and named Lijin station (Figure 1 and 9 in MS). In 1950s condition, we estimated that soil erosion mobilized, in total, ca. 8.21 ± 3.44 Tg C yr-1 which consistent with the observatio...

Although studies have increasingly linked air pollution to specific health outcomes, less well understood is how public perceptions of air quality respond to changing pollutant levels. The growing availability of air pollution measurements and the proliferation of social media provide an opportunity to gauge public discussion of air quality conditions. In this paper, we consider particulate mat...

s ytrain is one of the most accessile—in terms of barrier-free access for elderly and handicapped passengers—rapid transit systems in the world. Accessibility is not merely a feature of design, but also part of operations and education, safety, and emergency procedures. Skytrain was initiated by the British Columbia provincial government in 1980. Construction began in 1982, and Phase I went int...