climate is a complex system which is changing mainly due to the increase of greenhouse gases. because of the importance of climate change and the effects it can have on water resources, in recent years, this topic has been taken into consideration for different basins on earth. the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change and forecasting meteorological variables o...

in this paper, we dene and study two operators s and s with grill.characterization and basic properties of these operators are obtained. also,we generalize a grill topological spaces via topology  s induced from operatorss and s.

[1] Southern Africa is a predominantly semiarid region with a high degree of interannual rainfall variability. Although much of the recent climate research has focused on the causes of drought events, the region has also experienced extremes of above average rainfall, the most recent examples being the major flooding episodes that devastated Mozambique during 2000 and 2001. This paper investiga...

The sensitivity of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to changes in mean climate is investigated for simulations of pre-industrial and mid-Holocene (6000 years before present) climate using the Hadley Centre coupled atmosphere-ocean model, HadCM3. Orbitally-forced changes in insolation in the mid-Holocene produce changes in seasonality which may alter ENSO amplitude and frequency. The model si...

The tropospheric response to midlatitude SST anomalies has been investigated through a series of aquaplanet simulations using a high-resolution version of the Hadley Centre atmosphere model (HadAM3) under perpetual equinox conditions. Model integrations show that increases in the midlatitude SST gradient generally lead to stronger storm tracks that are shifted slightly poleward, consistent with...