Abstract The Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) is currently one of the most widely used frameworks in policy process research. It explains how agenda develops with emphasis on adoption. This article examines MSF from perspective history science and Lakatos’ methodology scientific research programs. In this respect, we consider a “semi-strong theory” that uses form subsumption under theory for ex...

This paper deals with deductive approximate reasoning techniques. Approximate reasoning is concerned with the appropriate processing of vague and uncertain knowledge, given in a rule based manner. The role model for dealing with vague and uncertain knowledge is the human mind. The ability to build abstractions and vague concepts lies at the heart of the immense capabilities of the human brain. ...

Few sociologists dissent from the notion that the mid- to late 1970s witnessed a shift in capitalism's modus operandi. Its association with a rapid increase of social and material inequality is beyond dispute. This article opens with a brief summation of contemporary British trends in economic inequalities, and finds an echo of these trends in health inequalities. It is suggested that the socio...

fuzzy logic, 67algebraic semantics, 53approximate reasoning, 6axiomatic extensions of MTL, 56 Bellman, R., 21bipolar possibilistic logic, 93BL logic, 51 canonical chain, 66canonical completeness, 66canonical extension, 83Carnap, R., 3comparative truth, 63compositionality, 29computational complexity, 73core fuzzy logic, 58 De Finetti B., 3degre...

Byrne (1989) claims to have demonstrated that context can suppress valid inferences like modus ponens. If substantiated, the claim would refute the idea that valid inferences cannot be countermanded without contradiction, although implicatures and invited inferences can be (e.g., Braine & Rumain, 1981; Geis & Zwicky, 1971; Grice, 1975). That, in turn, would invalidate one of the few available m...

Generalized modus ponens (GMP) is a basic model of approximate reasoning. GMP in fuzzy propositions called ponen (FMP) and it intuitionistic (IFMP) when are generalized to propositions. In this paper, we aim investigate reasoning methods for with mixture fuzzy/intuitionistic information. For mixed types GMP, present two solve problems based on the triple I method (TIM). One transform problem in...

A mild, facile one-step synthetic strategy for the preparation of size- and shape-controlled silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is presented. The high degree of size- and shape-control of these AgNPs is achieved by the use of triazole sugar ligands scaffolded by a central resorcinol ether core. Both the triazoles and the resorcinol ether core mediate the nucleation, growth, and passivation phases of ...

Approximate reasoning is one of the most effective fuzzy systems. The compositional rule of inference founded on the logical law modus ponens is furnished with a true conclusion, provided that the premises of the rule are true as well. Even though there exist different approaches to an implication, being the crucial part of the rule, we modify the early implication proposed by Zadeh [1] in our ...

Pascual Juli an a Gin es Moreno b Jaime Penabad c aDepartment of Computer Science ESI, Univ. of Castilla{La Mancha Paseo de la Universidad, 4; 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain bDepartment of Computer Science cDepartment of Mathematics EPSA, Univ. of Castilla{La Mancha Campus Universitario, s/n; 02071 Albacete, Spain Abstract In the context of (fuzzy) logic programs, `unfolding' means to transform a pro...

Concern for environmental issues has increased in recent years. Waste production influences humanity’s future. The alga, an ubiquitous single-celled plant, can thrive on industrial waste, to the detriment of water clarity and human activities. To avoid this, biologists need to isolate the chemical parameters of these rapid population fluctuations. This paper proposes a Fuzzy-Rough Estimator of ...