The some variables are not direct measured, because there are not suitable sensors available. Therefore in world are permanently developed various methods for its measurements. In paper is described some methods for indirect measurement. Their using improve the quality of control system. Very often for example the temperature of charge (controlled variable) in industry furnace is not controlled...

Lauha Bhasma is the most widely used bhasma preparation in therapeutics, but till date the temperature pattern to prepare Lauha Bhasma in electric muffle furnace is not fixed. So in this pilot study an attempt has been made to confirm the appropriate temperature pattern to prepare Lauha Bhasma. And emphasis has been given to evaluate this prepared Lauha Bhasma on classical analytical parameter,...

background: the biological solids produced during wastewater treatment processes are called sludge. as sludge contains various sickening microorganisms such as pathogens, organic and inorganic substances and has adverse effects on human and environment, therefore it should be treated and processed entirely prior to disposal and then disposed in line to the environmental regulations. thermal tre...

This paper presents a neural network tree regression system with dynamic optimization of input variable transformations and post-training optimization. The decision tree consists of MLP neural networks, which optimize the split points and at the leaf level predict final outputs. The system is designed for regression problems of big and complex datasets. It was applied to the problem of steel te...

Flash sintering is one of the newest techniques for sintering ceramics to near full density. It occurs in an appropriate combination of temperature and electric field. Temperature measurement is one of the most serious challenges in this process. In the present study, we tried to model a flash sintering process of 8YSZ and 3YSZ with finite element method to make an assessment for temperature di...

The paper evaluates the performance of cascaded PID controller designs for the temperature control of an industrial heating furnace. From the control theory literature it is clear that ideal PID controller is an obsolete for the control of non-linear processes like temperature. PID controller in cascaded architecture is the best choice compared to conventional single loop control system for con...

In recent years, lots of research has been done on effective usage of natural gas; the first step in these processes is conversion of natural gas to Syngas. Natural gas reforming process by refomer furnace is commonly used for syngas and hydrogen production. In this paper, a windows based software, RIPI-RefSim, is introduced. By using proper heat, mass, kinetic and thermodynamic models as w...

The effect of annealing temperature and time on the formation of threading dislocations was investigated for high energy boron implants into silicon. 1 MeV B was implanted at a dose of 1310/cm into ^100& Si wafers. The wafers were subsequently annealed in either a rapid thermal annealing ~RTA! furnace or a conventional furnace for times between 1 s and 1 h at temperatures between 700 and 1150 °...