Habyarimana of Rwanda had mysteriously crashed as it approached the Kigali airport. My first response was to study the photograph of the dead president; after closely covering his comings and goings for the past several months, it struck me as odd that the first time that I would see his face was in a newspaper article announcing his death. Then I felt frustration bordering on exasperation. As ...

Studies on the economic consequences of internal political violence typically find negative short-run effects that are not very large, and no evidence for full economic recovery. We study the impact of the Rwandan genocide in 1994 on economic development using the synthetic control method. We find a 58 percent decrease in GDP in 1994, and strong evidence that Rwanda’s economy was then catching ...

This paper asserts that constructively remembering past atrocities is central to the formation of a lasting, multi-faceted peace in post-genocide societies. The Rwandan case-study first illustrates the dynamics of a society affected by genocide, as well as critically analyzes the integrity of its peace. Secondly, the role of collective memory in reconciliation is discussed at length, including ...

information technology development has deeply affected all aspects of social, economic, cultural, life including criminal law. this development has forced lawyers and policy makers of these areas to reflect deeply. differences between traditional and cyber crimes are such that long standing conventional criminal policy can no longer tackle them. transnationality, easiness of occurrence, anonymi...

There are constant calls for reform in the criminal justice system, but obs­ ervers have often reported that criminal justice reform is an exceptionally challenging task. As with any organizational change, resistance to new policies, procedures, and practices comes from a variety of sources. The relatively broad discretionary authority vested in line­level personnel often contributes to the dif...

This paper raises problems related to the absence of regulation regarding kecubungwhich contains alkaloid substances known as anesthetics and is an addictive substance for Narcotics, which when consumed in excess can cause decreased altered consciousness, loss taste, eliminate or reduce pain dependence. severe excruciating pain. The regulations amethyst has resulted a legal vacuum this very unf...

The Armenian Genocide, which took place from 1915 to 1917, is one of the most crucial events defining character both final period Ottoman Empire and southern front World War I. It also a core identity reference for Armenians matter memory dispute with Turkish Republic. Since 1970s, it has been relevant research space historians. Surprisingly, in Polish historiography, subject only marginally ad...