In the olfactory epithelium (OE), generation of new neurons by neuronal progenitors is inhibited by a signal from neurons themselves. Here we provide evidence that this feedback inhibitory signal is growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). Both GDF11 and its receptors are expressed by OE neurons and progenitors, and GDF11 inhibits OE neurogenesis in vitro by inducing p27(Kip1) and reversib...

The forced swim test (FST) is commonly employed to test the potency of drugs to reduce immobility as an indicator of anti-despair. Certainly, antidepressant drugs reduce the total time of immobility and enlarge the latency to the first immobility period. FST is preceded by the open field test (OFT) to discard any influence of changes in general motor activity that could interfere with immobilit...

Conventional Automated Essay Scoring (AES) measures may cause severe problems when directly applied in scoring Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) transcription as they are error sensitive and unsuitable for the characteristic of ASR transcription. Therefore, we introduce a framework of Finite State Transducer (FST) to avoid the shortcomings. Compared with the Latent Semantic Analysis with Suppo...

This article describes an algorithm for factorizing an ambiguous finite-state transducer (FST) into two FSTs, and , such that is functional and retains the ambiguity of the original FST. The application of to the output of never leads to a state that does not provide a transition for the next input symbol, and always terminates in a final state. In other words, contains no “failing paths” where...

The Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem (GTSP) is stated as follows. Given a weighted complete digraph K∗ n and a partition V1, . . . , Vk of its vertices, find a minimum weight cycle containing exactly one vertex from each set Vi, i = 1, . . . , k. We study transformations from GTSP to TSP. The ’exact’ Noon-Bean transformation is investigated in computational experiments. We study the ’non-...

This study investigated how the choice of fixed planes for the representation of the projection data of a cylindrical positron emission tomography (PET) scanner simplifies the frequency interpolation required by the 3D Fourier slice theorem (3D-FST). A new gridding algorithm based on a two-plane geometry and requiring only 1D interpolations in the Fourier domain was compared with the direct imp...

In the present study, we investigated plasma corticosterone levels of genetically modified mice lacking noradrenaline transporter (NET(-/-)), in response to the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). FST strongly increased the plasma corticosterone level in the first minute after the test (significantly only in NET(+/+) mice), while TST was without any significant effect in both...