In this report, we examine the plausibility of implementing a NEAT-based solution to solve different variations of the classic arcade game Frogger. To accomplish this goal, we created a basic 16x16 grid that consisted of a frog and a start, traffic, river, and goal zone. We conducted three experiments in this study on three slightly different versions of this world, all of which tested whether ...

Although several studies have been made on the histology of the central nervous system (C S) in anurans (4,5,6, 8, 11,22), frog is still not being used widely by the neurophysiologists. There are obviously many advantages of using this amphibian as an experimental animal such as the easy maintenance in the laboratory throughout the year and the extreme amenability of its C S to the experimental...

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of pharmaceutically relevant drug transporters in frog intestine which has been proposed as model for intestinal permeability screening assays of passively absorbed drugs in humans [Trapani, G., Franco, M., Trapani, A., Lopedota, A., Latrofa, A., Gallucci, E., Micelli, S., Liso, G., 2004. Frog intestinal sac: a new in vitro method for the as...

Metapopulation persistence in fragmented landscapes depends on habitat patches that can support resilient local populations and sufficient connectivity between patches. Yet epidemiological theory for metapopulations has largely overlooked the capacity of particular patches to act as refuges from disease, and has suggested that connectivity can undermine persistence. Here, we show that relativel...

Sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity are requirements for a suitable assay for hormones. The quantitation of a-MSH 1 is currently based on a technique devised in 1954, which utilized isolated pieces of frog skin (1). In the presence of a-MSH, frog skin darkens with a measurable decrease in the reflection of light from the skin. Although this assay possesses great sensitivity (less than...

The parameter identification problem can be modeled as a non-linear optimization problem. In this problem, some unknown parameters of a mathematical model presented by an ordinary differential equation using some experimental data must be estimated. This paper presents a shuffled frog leaping algorithm for solving parameter identification problem. An opposition-based initialization strategy is ...

Excitatory amino acids (EAA) are major neurotransmitters in the vertebrate central nervous system. EAA receptors have been divided into three major subtypes on the basis of electrophysiological and ligand binding studies: N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate, and quisqualate receptors. To understand their molecular properties, we undertook a project aimed at isolation and cloning of these receptor sub...

Mitotic apparatus (MA) were isolated in glycerol-dimethylsulphoxide solution (MTME) from zygotes of sea urchins (Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus). Freshly isolated MA were stored in 1/10 strength MTME for varying periods of time and were then injected into unfertilized frog (Rana pipiens) eggs. These injections induced 40-60% of the recipient frog eggs to initiate cleavage, resulting in the forma...

An acoustic identification and classification system of frogs has been designed based on the principle wavelet extraction label using an artificial neural network (ANN). This consists electronic detection for frog audio as well interface MATLAB 2018b software ANN provider device. As input network, 5 types were used, namely rock (Limnonectes macrodon), blentung (Kaloula baleata), hip (Limnonecte...

About two decades ago, Ruth Berman and I set out to explore the development of “the ability to relate events in narrative” (Berman 1988; Berman & Slobin 1987, 1994). We devoted a great deal of research attention to a seemingly simple task: oral narratives elicited by a picture storybook created for children, Frog, where are you? (Mayer 1969), originally discovered as a research tool by Michael ...