This paper describes a strategy for the measurement of boundary mobility using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and its application to the migration of nominally flat h001i tilt grain boundaries in nickel, as described using an EAM potential. Determination of the driving force for boundary migration requires proper accounting for non-linear elastic effects for strains of the magnitude needed...

SUMMARY The advent of modern biotechnology and the accelerated pace of scientific discovery in the areas of genetic modification (GM) and genomics are introducing fruitful developments in both the medical and agricultural sciences. However, the presence of genetically modified crops in food products has recently become a widely debated and contentious issue in Europe and other regions. Despite ...

Graphs which arise in Information Visualization applications are typically very large: thousands, or perhaps millions of nodes. Current graph drawing methods successfully deal with (at best) a few hundred nodes. This paper describes a strategy for the visualization and navigation of graphs. The strategy has three elements: 1. A layered architecture, called CGA, for handling clustered graphs: th...

Most haptic devices are intended primarily, if not exclusively, to exchange information with a human operator, and often replace or augment traditional computer displays with backdrivable, force-producing tactile interfaces. This includes popular commercial devices such as the PHANTOM (Massie & Salisbury, 1994) that are typically limited to at most several Newtons of endpoint force capacity, ju...

Conventional diagnostic ultrasound images portray differences in the acoustic properties of soft tissues, whereas ultrasound-based elasticity images portray differences in the elastic properties of soft tissues (i.e. stiffness, viscosity). The benefit of elasticity imaging lies in the fact that many soft tissues can share similar ultrasonic echogenicities, but may have different mechanical prop...

Three Methods for evaluating the dynamic response of force transducers against varying force are described in this paper. In all methods, the inertial force of a mass is used as the known dynamic force, and this reference force is applied to a force transducer under test. The inertial force is measured highly accurately as the product of the mass and the acceleration. An aerostatic linear beari...

The hydrophobic force describes the attraction between water-hating molecules (and surfaces) that draws them together, causing aggregation, phase separation, protein folding and many other inherent physical phenomena. Attempts have been made to isolate the range and magnitude of this interaction between extended surfaces for more than four decades, with wildly varying results. In this perspecti...

We used optical tweezers (optical trapping technology) to measure the force required to separate antigen-antibody bonds. Under competitive-binding conditions, we used the force determination to detect and measure protein antigen concentrations as small as 1 fmol/L (10(-15) mol/L).

Force feedback sensors are useful for the planning of robotic digging trajectories. In particular, when combined with force-control algorithms it becomes possible to sense buried objects and to determine the weight of excavated materials. The proposed force sensor system makes use of hydraulic cylinder pressure and thereby measures machine force indirectly. Successful implementation of such an ...