The distance vector routing protocol satisfies the following property. If this protocol is used to route a sequence of data messages from a source to a destination, then these data messages will follow the same shortest-distance path from the source to the destination. In this paper, we show how to modify this protocol, without adding new messages, in order to satisfy the following load balanci...

We present new and improved data structures that answer exact node-to-node distance queries in planar graphs. Such data structures are also known as distance oracles. For any directed planar graph on n nodes with non-negative lengths we obtain the following: • Given a desired space allocation S ∈ [n lg lgn, n], we show how to construct in Õ(S) time a data structure of size O(S) that answers dis...

edge distance-balanced graphs are graphs in which for every edge $e = uv$ the number of edges closer to vertex $u$ than to vertex $v$ is equal to the number of edges closer to $v$ than to $u$. in this paper, we study this property under some graph operations.

background: cross- sectional tomograms have been used for optimal pre-operative planning of dental implant placement. the aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (cbct) measurements of specifi c distances around the mandibular canal by comparing them to those obtained from multi-slice computed tomography (msct) images. materials and methods: ten hemi...

the emph{harary index} $h(g)$ of a connected graph $g$ is defined as $h(g)=sum_{u,vin v(g)}frac{1}{d_g(u,v)}$ where $d_g(u,v)$ is the distance between vertices $u$ and $v$ of $g$. the steiner distance in a graph, introduced by chartrand et al. in 1989, is a natural generalization of the concept of classical graph distance. for a connected graph $g$ of order at least $2$ and $ssubseteq v(g)$, th...

dna barcoding based on a standardized region of 648 base pairs of mitochondrial dnasequences from cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) is proposed for animal species identification.recent studies suggested that dna barcoding has been effective for identifying 94% of birdspecies. the proposed threshold of 10 times the average intraspecific variation could be used forthe identification and delimitation ...

the mouths of some bony and cartilaginous fishes are located in the anterior part of theirbodies, with a slight variation in sharks, which have theirs located in the abdominal part. thisvariation is evolutionary over time. the force exerted by the jaws of sharks in order todismember their prey can be examined from two origins: .the determined force exerted by teethand muscles and the force as a...