We thank all families who kindly participated in the study. We are grateful to the Housing Department of the Birmingham City Council, Mrs Daphne Agnew, the staff of the seven hostels, the head teachers of the schools involved in the selection of the comparison sample, and Mr Saeed Haque for the statistical advice. Contributors: PV participated in the formulation of the study hypothesis, researc...

From 1975 to 1990 we performed subtalar or triple arthrodesis on 54 patients; 48 of them were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 10 years (6 to 15). There were 17 subtalar fusions in 14 patients and 37 triple arthrodeses in 28 patients. We assessed tibiotalar ankle function using the criteria of Mazur which gives a points score of a maximum of 100. Radiological evidence of degenerative change w...

Liposarcoma is the most common pathology seen in the soft tissue sarcoma of retroperitoneum. These tumors have been traditionally treated with radical surgery sacrificing adjacent organs to achieve clear margins. We have reported our experience of renal sparing surgery for perirenal liposarcoma in two patients with more than 24 month disease free survival.

BACKGROUND Little is known about reasons that influence parents' decision to participate in studies enrolling healthy children. The aim of this observational study was to verify the reasons that lead pregnant women to give their consent or to refuse participation to a newborn cohort study with a long follow up time. METHODS To prospectively investigate the reasons that lead women to participa...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To examine whether attitude to school is associated with subsequent risk of teenage pregnancy. To test two hypotheses that attitude to school is linked to pregnancy via pathways involving young people having "alternative" expectations or deficits in sexual health knowledge and confidence. DESIGN Analysis of longitudinal data arising from a trial of sex education. Examination o...

OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of the universal newborn hearing screen in England. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of population screening records. STUDY SAMPLE A total of 4 645 823 children born 1 April 2004 to 31 March 2013. RESULTS 97.5% of the eligible population complete screening by 4/5 weeks of age and 98.9% complete screening by three months of age. The refer rate for the 12/13...

Accurate rates of herpes zoster incidence and complication have become of greater interest as studies have suggested an increasing temporal trend in incidence rates across all age groups and long-term follow-up studies of vaccine effectiveness are required by the Food and Drug Administration. This study compares the results obtained from the most commonly used method to obtain herpes zoster dat...

BACKGROUND Day-care surgery is a common procedure in most of the hospitals. It has the advantages of early discharge and thus contributes to cost effectiveness. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the feasibility of day-care surgery in rural and urban patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Around 200 cases undergoing day-care surgeries of various types in urban and rural patient were en...

Undergraduate students may be attracted to science and retained in science by engaging in laboratory research. Experience as an apprentice in a scientist's laboratory can be effective in this regard, but the pool of willing scientists is sometimes limited and sustained contact between students and faculty is sometimes minimal. We report outcomes from two different models of a summer neuroscienc...

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that family intervention to promote effective parenting in early childhood affects obesity in preadolescence. METHODS Participants were 186 minority youth at risk for behavior problems who enrolled in long-term follow-up studies after random assignment to family intervention or control condition at age 4. Follow-up Study 1 included 40 girls at familial risk f...