Background & Aims of the Study: Promoting the health and safety is an important part of the fundamental mission of schools and one factor in designing and operating schools that always has been important is lighting. As students spend considerable hours in the classroom and school, lighting should be designed appropriately and in accordance with the standards, to protect them...

the literature review of increasing construction density shows that it can have positive and negative impacts on urban development and a way to urban consolidation. nevertheless, it may facilitate urban life and enhance quality of life, as two major topics and subjects in the process toward sustainability and sustainable urban development issues. the literature related to the sustainability ind...

This paper examines the utility of high-resolution airborne RGB orthophotos and LiDAR data for mapping residential land uses within the spatial limits of suburb of Athens, Greece. Modern remote sensors deliver ample information from the AOI (area of interest) for the estimation of 2D indicators or with the inclusion of elevation data 3D indicators for the classification of urban land. In this r...

Density analysis plays an important role in font design and recognition. This paper presents a method of density analysis for Chinese characters. A number of density metrics are adopted to describe the density degree of a character from both local and global perspectives, including center-to-center distance of connected components, gap between connected components, ratio of perimeter and area, ...

Density is a critical typology in determining sustainable urban built-form patterns. Built-formrefers to the assemblage and arrangement of the building masses in a city reflecting the spatial layout of spaces.The relationship between density and urban character is also based on at certain densities (thresholds). In a widersense, sustainable cities are a matter of density. Recent debates about t...