Often a statistical test is performed in which the observed outcome favors the alternative but the evidence in favor of the alternative is not statistically significant. Suppose that, for example, a researcher tests the hypothesis that the mean is 10 versus the alternative is less than 10 using a z-test. Suppose further that based on a sample of size 8, the p-value is 0.078 (hence the null hypo...

fire, as a natural ecological disturbance factor in forest, this study located in the marivan region, northern zagros forest, and western iranian state of kurdistan. in each burned and unburned area 30 circle sample plot (1000 m2) were collected by randomized–systematic method in the 100×200 m net (in total 60 plots). in every sample plot the kind of species, number of tree, the height of coppi...

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Satellite-based estimates of vegetation structure capture broad-scale vegetation characteristics as well as differences in vegetation structure at plot-scales. Active remote sensing from laser altimetry and radar systems is regularly used to measure vegetation height and infer vegetation structural attributes, however, the current uncertainty of their spaceborne measurements is likely to mask a...

A commercial interface coupling liquid chromatography (LC) to a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) was used to analyse δ 13 C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters. Stream and soil waters from a farmland plot in a hedgerow landscape were selected for application. Based on wet chemical oxidation of dissolved organics the LCIRMS interface allows on-line injection...

Forestry, Vol. 83, No. 3, 2010. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpq009 For Permissions, please email: [email protected] Advance Access publication date 7 April 2010 Since the 1930s, the individual, regional Forest Inventory and Analysis Units concentrated on increasing their efficiency of operation, often by improving the efficiency of the sample design for the specific forest condit...

The plotting of cumulative sums (cusums), a technique of proven value in the detection of trends in data collected at intervals of time, may be modified to analyze circadian blood pressure patterns quantitatively. Mean 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure is taken as the reference value and is subtracted from each pressure value. The products of the remainders and the corresponding time intervals ...