We establish some results on the Wadge degrees and on the Boolean hierarchy of k-partitions of some spaces, where k is a natural number. The main attention is paid to the Baire space, Baire domain and their close relatives. For the case of Δ2-measurable k-partitions the structures of Wadge degrees are characterized completely. For many degree structures, undecidability of the first-order theori...

A probability distribution can be given to the set of isomorphism classes of models with universe {1, . . . , n} of a sentence (i.e. closed formula) in first-order logic. We study the entropy of this distribution and derive a result from the 0-1 law for first-order sentences.

1 Logic 2 1.1 Aristotelean logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Subjects and predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Syllogisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 The predicate calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Predicates and individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Formulas an...

We investigate expressiveness and definability issues with respect to minimal models, particularly in the scope of Circumscription. First, we give a proof of the failure of the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem for Circumscription. Then we show that, if the class of P ;Z-minimal models of a first-order sentence is ∆elementary, then it is elementary. That is, whenever the circumscription of a firstorder ...

In recent years there has been a growing demand for Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) in large theories, which often have more axioms than can be handled effectively as normal internal axioms. This work addresses the issues of accessing external sources of axioms from a first-order logic ATP system, and presents an implemented ATP system that retrieves external axioms asynchronously, on demand.

We discuss the use of model building for temporal representations. We chose Polish to illustrate our discussion because it has an interesting aspectual system, but the points we wish to make are not language specific. Rather, our goal is to develop theoretical and computational tools for temporal model building tasks in computational semantics. To this end, we present a first-order theory of ti...

Logics for ‘generally’ are intended to express some vague notions, such as ‘generally’, ‘several’, ‘many’, ‘most’, etc., by means of the new generalized quantifier ∇ and to reason about assertions with ‘generally’ (important issues in qualitative reasoning). We introduce the idea of functional interpretation for ‘generally’ and show that representative functions (akin to Skolem functions) enabl...

PURPOSE The long-term impact of Helicobacter pylori infection is complex, and concerns about the need for eradication exist. We conducted this case control study to investigate the association between H. pylori infection and failure to thrive (FTT). PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2009 to December 2011, 53 children with FTT group and matched children with the same sex and age and similar so...

Several Sun models suggest a radioactive balance, where the concentration of greenhouse gases and albedo effect are related to Earth’s surface temperature. There is considerable increment in due anthropogenic activities. Climate change correlates with this alteration atmosphere an increase Efficient forecasting climate its impacts could be helpful respond threat c.c. develop sustainably. Many s...

The Caenorhabditis elegans daf-2/insulin-like signaling pathway is critical for regulating development, longevity, metabolism and stress resistance. We identified the 14-3-3 protein FTT-2 to be a new regulatory component of this pathway. We found that RNAi knock down of ftt-2 specifically enhanced the daf-2-mediated dauer formation phenotype. Furthermore, ftt-2 knock down caused the nuclear acc...