Linear Vector Space. A Vector Space, X , is a collection of vectors, x ∈ X , over a field, F , of scalars. Any two vectors x, y ∈ X can be added to form x+y ∈ X where the operation “+” of vector addition is associative and commutative. The vector space X must contain an additive identity (the zero vector 0) and, for every vector x, an additive inverse −x. The required properties of vector addit...

a two-dimensional single particle finite element model was used to examine the effects of particle fragmental pattern on the average molecular weights, polymerization rate and particle overheating in heterogeneous ziegler-natta olefin polymerization. a two-site catalyst kinetic mechanism was employed together with a dynamic two-dimensional molecular species in diffusion-reaction equation. the i...

We argue in a model-independent way that the Hilbert space of quantum gravity is locally finite-dimensional. In other words, the density operator describing the state corresponding to a small region of space, when such a notion makes sense, is defined on a finite-dimensional factor of a larger Hilbert space. Because quantum gravity potentially describes superpositions of different geometries, i...

We investigate adaptive methods for optimal control problems with finitely many control parameters. We analyze a-posteriori error estimates based on verification of second-order sufficient optimality conditions. Reliability and efficiency of the error estimator is shown. The estimator is used in numerical tests to guide adaptive mesh refinement.

‎let $l$ be a lie algebra‎, ‎$mathrm{der}(l)$ be the set of all derivations of $l$ and $mathrm{der}_c(l)$ denote the set of all derivations $alphainmathrm{der}(l)$ for which $alpha(x)in [x,l]:={[x,y]vert yin l}$ for all $xin l$‎. ‎we obtain an upper bound for dimension of $mathrm{der}_c(l)$ of the finite dimensional nilpotent lie algebra $l$ over algebraically closed fields‎. ‎also‎, ‎we classi...

During the past about thirty-five years, many types of twoor three-dimensional automata have been proposed and investigated the properties of them as the computational model of pattern processing. On the other hand, recently, due to the advances in many application areas such as computer animation, motion image processing, and so on, the study of three-dimensional pattern processing with the ti...

For example, Theorem 3 says that if V is a closed subspace of f2 and if V CQp for some p < 2, then V is finite-dimensional . On the other hand, the corollary to Theorem 4 states that there exist infinite-dimensional subspaces V of f 2 none of whose nonzero elements belongs to any f p -space (p < 2) . [For L2(0, 1) the results are somewhat different: (1) if V is a closed subspace of L 2(0, 1) an...