Fingolimod is a selective immunosuppressive agent approved worldwide for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and potentially disabling neurological condition. Randomized double-blind clinical trials have shown that fingolimod significantly reduces relapse rate and ameliorates a number of brain MRI measures, including cerebral atrophy, compared to both placebo...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and represents one of the most common causes of chronic neurologic disability in young adults. All the current disease-modifying drugs are administered parenterally, and can be associated with varying degrees of injection site or infusion-related reactions. Together with other side effects, the ...

AIMS The phase 3 TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS studies established the efficacy of fingolimod in reducing multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses and magnetic resonance imaging lesions compared with intramuscular (IM) interferon (IFN) β-1a and placebo over 12 and 24 months, respectively. METHODS To investigate the efficacy of fingolimod at the approved 0.5 mg dose in patients early in the MS disease cours...

Peripheral lymphocytes entering brain ischemic regions orchestrate inflammatory responses, catalyze tissue death, and worsen clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in preclinical studies. However, it is not known whether modulating brain inflammation can impact the outcome of patients with AIS. In this open-label, evaluator-blinded, parallel-group clinical pilot trial, we recruited 22...

A 62-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis experienced painless loss of vision in both eyes after starting fingolimod. Fundus examination revealed bilateral macular edema confirmed by optical coherence tomography. Fingolimod was discontinued, and a topical nonsteroidal inflammatory drug and corticosteroid were initiated. Within 2 months, vision returned to baseline with complete resolution of ...

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a biologically active sphingolipid that acts through the members of a family of five G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-S1P5). S1P1 is a major regulator of lymphocyte trafficking, and fingolimod, whose active metabolite fingolimod phosphate acts as a nonselective S1P receptor agonist, exerts its immunomodulatory effect, at least in part, by regulating the lymphoc...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder affecting the brain and spinal cord. Major hallmarks of MS typically include inflammation, demyelination and axon degeneration, although recent studies have also implicated synaptic dysfunction and degeneration in disease pathogenesis. The discovery that treatment with the orally active immunomodulatory drug fingolimod (FTY720) confers benefit...

BACKGROUND Fingolimod is a drug administered orally to adult patients treated for relapsing remitting course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Mode of action of fingolimod is based on intense S1P1 receptor stimulation and "arresting" lymphocytes in lymphatic organs. Objective of the research was to assess changes in the frequencies of basic lymphocyte subsets in patients treated for multiple sclerosi...

Fingolimod is the first effective oral agent in widespread use for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but it can cause macular edema (ME) as an uncommon complication.MEmay be mild and asymptomatic, but it can also produce visual impairment. The mechanism of fingolimod-associated ME (FAME) is thought to be through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonism, affecting endothelial integ...