PURPOSE To develop and validate a Farsi version of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) for the Iranian population. METHODS This study was a translation and cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Farsi version of OSDI. Four bilingual (English-Persian) individual including three physicians and one native English teacher were asked to translate the original English OSDI questionnaire in Far...

Polar Response Particles (PRPs) have been widely studied in the literature, discussing essence of their ambiguity polarity and (dis)agreement reading sys- tems (Pope 1976) what affects preference. In languages like English Farsi, which same particles satisfy both readings, PRPs are ambiguous response to negative initiatives (including questions assertions). on other hand, not only used assertiv...

PURPOSE To present a literature review about the Brazilian scientific production in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology regarding voice in popular singing in the last decade, as for number of publications, musical styles studied, focus of the researches, and instruments used for data collection. RESEARCH STRATEGY Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in two stages: search in datab...

Generally speaking, lexical items that enter our minds through reading a text commonly leave us with pictures, sounds, echoes, and feelings in the mind. While the ability to produce images in the mind in the process of reading appears to be vital for greater comprehension and recall of texts, research has indicated that many poor readers seemingly do not visualize as they read. On the contrary,...

background: the aim of this study was to validate the farsi version of rome iii modular questionnaire which contains all functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgids). materials and methods: we used rome foundation guidelines for translation of english version into farsi, and all the steps were performed. in the first step, 2 forward translations into farsi were completed by two authors separat...