This paper examines how the optimal Pigouvian tax should be adjusted to reflect administrative costs. Several cases are examined, depending on whether the administrative costs are fixed per firm taxed or are a function of the amount of tax collected, and on whether such costs are borne by the government or by the taxed firm. In some cases the presence of administrative costs leads to an optimal...

Two distinct credit channels for monetary policy have been described.’ Both of these channels are based on lending problems associated with asymmetric information and control.2 The cost of acquiring information and controlling borrower’s behavior drives a wedge between the cost of internal and external finance. For some borrowers the premium for external finance is so large that it is impractic...

We have developed a self-aligned external cavity laser with a non-dispersive volume holographic grating (VHG) as the output coupler. The resulting external cavity is tunable by rotating the VHG. We have demonstrated tunable single mode longitudinal operation at 405 nm and 785 nm wavelength. The passive alignment of the novel tunable laser is the main driver for achieving low cost manufacturing....

This paper derives the Nash-equilibrium degrees of commitment to a partnership where lack of full commitment fuels suspicion and increases potential losses for partners. The Nash-equilibrium commitment of each partner increases with her internal return, quitting cost and costs of being deserted and with her counterpart's external return and intrinsic capacity to detect lack of full commitment, ...

The material for today’s lecture is from [BGPW13]. Determining the 0-error internal information cost of the AND function is considerably more difficult that determining its external information cost. At the first glance it might seem surprising that one can do something different from the protocol that we discussed in the external case. First we state a protocol that is optimal for the case of ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the cost-effectiveness of middle-ear implantations in hearing-impaired patients with severe external otitis in the Netherlands. DESIGN Cost-effectiveness analysis, using single-subject repeated measures of quality of life and total cost determinations. SETTING Hospital based. Patients Moderately to severely sensorineurally hearing-impaired patients (n = 21) with sever...

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) have been treated by transarterial or transvenous embolization, surgery, and radiosurgery. Besides these treatment options, the external compression technique is a non-invasive, low-cost form of treatment. This article reports that a 60-year-old man with DAVF between multiple arterial branches and transverse/sigmoid sinus was treated by repeated external manua...

Although external-memory sorting has been a classical algorithms abstraction and has been heavily studied in the literature, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, when data-obliviousness is a requirement, even very rudimentary questions remain open. Prior to our work, it is not even known how to construct a comparison-based, external-memory oblivious sorting algorithm that is optimal in IO-cost. We ma...

Although patterning hundreds or thousands of electrochemical electrodes on lab-on-a-chip devices is straightforward and cost-effective using photolithography, easily making connections between hundreds of electrodes and external amplifiers remains a bottleneck. Here we describe two electrode addressing approaches using multiple fluid compartments that can potentially reduce the number of extern...