conditional  methods  of adjustment  are often used to quantify  the effect  of the exposure on the outcome.  as  a  result,  the  stratums-specific  risk  ratio  estimates  are  reported  in  the  presence  of interaction   between   exposure  and  confounder(s)   in  the  literature,  even  if  the  target  of  the intervention on the exposure is the total population and the interaction itsel...

BACKGROUND Traffic exposure may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk via systemic inflammation and elevated blood pressure, two important clinical markers for managing disease progression. OBJECTIVES We assessed degree and consistency of association between traffic exposure indicators as predictors of C-reactive protein (CRP) and pulse pressure (PP) in an adult U.S. Puerto Rican populat...

Epidemiology, being primarily an observational rather than experimental science, has often encountered problems with measurement of the study variables, which are not under the control of the investigator. Difficulties arise in part because the variables under study are often subjective and often must be ascertained by subjects' self reports or from records of dubious quality, because biologica...