In this paper we survey the basics of Reinforcement Learning and (Evolutionary) Game Theory, applied to the field of Multi-Agent Systems. This paper contains three parts. We start with an overview on the fundamentals of Reinforcement Learning. Next we summarize the most important aspects of Evolutionary Game Theory. Finally, we discuss the state-of-the-art of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning ...

The evolution of social traits remains one of the most fascinating and feisty topics in evolutionary biology even after half a century of theoretical research. W. D. Hamilton shaped much of the field initially with his 1964 papers that laid out the foundation for understanding the effect of genetic relatedness on the evolution of social behavior. Early theoretical investigations revealed two cr...

We investigate the role of quantum mechanical effects in the central stability concept of evolutionary game theory i.e. an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS). Using two and three-player symmetric quantum games we show how the presence of quantum phenomenon of entanglement can be crucial to decide the course of evolutionary dynamics in a population of interacting individuals.

The evolution of social traits remains one of the most fascinating and feisty topics in evolutionary biology even after half a century of theoretical research. W.D. Hamilton shaped much of the field initially with his 1964 papers that laid out the foundation for understanding the effect of genetic relatedness on the evolution of social behavior. Early theoretical investigations revealed two cri...

The Shifting Balance Genetic Algorithm (SBGA) is a pluggable module for a GA (or any other Evolutionary Algorithm) based on a modification of Sewall Wright’s shifting balance theory. The SBGA is intended to enhance a GA’s ability to adapt to a changing environment. Here we describe the detailed mechanisms required to implement the SBGA as well as an experiment that shows that the SBGA not only ...

In this study, a population of evolutionary biological networks is described by a stochastic dynamic system with intrinsic random parameter fluctuations due to genetic variations and external disturbances caused by environmental changes in the evolutionary process. Since information on environmental changes is unavailable and their occurrence is unpredictable, they can be considered as a game p...

Many traits and/or strategies expressed by organisms are quantitative phenotypes. Because populations are of finite size and genomes are subject to mutations, these continuously varying phenotypes are under the joint pressure of mutation, natural selection and random genetic drift. This article derives the stationary distribution for such a phenotype under a mutation-selection-drift balance in ...

Important Scientific Research and Open Questions Finally, there are many interesting research projects related to learning and the evolution of social norms that could be highlighted: (a) the “economic anthropology” of Herbert Gintis and Samuel Bowles, which is basedmainly on EGT tools, reviewing topics such as the importance and origins of reciprocity, fairness and cooperation in primitive soc...

This chapter begins with some basic terminology, introducing elementary game theoretic notions such as payoff, strategy, best reply, Nash equilibrium pairs etc. Players who use strategies which are in Nash equilibrium have no incentive to deviate unilaterally. Next, a population viewpoint is introduced. Players meet randomly, interact according to their strategies, and obtain a payoff. This pay...