A new simple qubit model of black hole evaporation is proposed. The operates on four qubits and defined in terms quantum gates a circuit. chief features the include explicit unitarity (most notably) causality which understood as impossibility transfer information from interior through its horizon. corresponding von Neumann entanglement entropy yields crude (four-qubit) approximation Page curve.

A previously developed model for mono-component droplet evaporation is revisited using new mathematical tools its analysis. The analysis based on steady-state mass, momentum, and energy balance equations the vapor air mixture surrounding a droplet. obtained solution to these was assumption that parameter ε (proportional squared ratio of diffusion coefficient radius) equal zero. presented in pap...

The impact of interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation on the long-term mean annual evapotranspiration as well as on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration is studied using a stochastic soil moisture model within the Budyko framework. Results indicate that given the same long-term mean annual precipitation and potential evaporation, including interannual var...

Establishing satisfactory calculation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. A 30 year dataset from Dickie Lake, south-central Ontario, Canada added to the limited long-term studies on lake evaporation. Evaporation during ice-free season was calculated separately using seven evaporation methods, based on field meteorology, hyd...

Soil evaporation can signifi cantly infl uence energy fl ux partitioning of partially vegetated surfaces, ultimately affecting plant transpiration. While important, quantifi cation of soil evaporation, separately from canopy transpiration, is challenging. Techniques for measuring soil evaporation exist and continually improve. The large variability in soil water content requires that there be c...